Queen Mary’s Restoration of Catholicism- a Failure

Englandâ€Å"†¦.. as were to be seen in the reign of this queen Mary, whether we behold the shortness of her time or the unfortunate event of all her purposes†¦. † The unforgettable regnant Queen Mary of England and Ireland did attempt to restore the Catholic faith during her short reign of July 6th 1553 to 17th November 1558, albeit failed at this mission. She is not remembered for her colourful reign with cacophony sounding triumphs nor peaceful approaches to English society.In fact she is established in history as ‘Bloody Mary’, a callous character, who viciously burned Protestants; their flesh scents pouring into the streets of England and lucent cries hauntingly echoing. Her legacy is remembered by many as a failure to restore Catholicism during her reign. Her failed attempt of restoring the Catholic faith can be highlighted in seven main reasons which will be accounted for in detail. Indeed, Queen Mary’s attempted restoration of Catholicism did prove to be a failure for many reasons.Firstly, she had succeeded her half-brother Edward VI, who governed England under a Protestant regime. Edward had introduced extreme changes to the Church that dramatically transformed the religion to a purely Protestantism doctrine. This was to prove difficult to reverse to a Catholic country. Secondly, Mary as first Queen of England and Ireland (debated whether Lady Jane Grey was) had to make a powerful approach to the throne. She was burdened with the position of being the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII’s.The fear of being ridiculed by the public stood tall and Protestants infiltrated into England from Edwards contradicting reign. Thirdly, Mary during her reign of course re-introduced England under Catholicism yet, in doing so England had much more consequences at hand. These consequences majorly filled the position of radical movements such as the traumatic ‘Marian Persecutions’ which profoundly scared the Prote stant followers and climaxed opposition towards her. Fourthly, Queen Mary married Prince Philip II of Spain and Portugal which was widely criticised and publically denounced.This subsequently led to the fifth reason which proved Queen Marys attempted restoration of Catholicism to be a failure. In war, allied with Spain, England lost Calais (in France). A sixth reason of failure emerges due to the fact that Queen Mary was unable to produce an heir to take over her title. Lastly, her short lived reign was abruptly caused by her untimely death in November 1558. These points will be explored more specifically. To expand the first point much is to be added.After Mary Tudor was born to Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon into a Roman Catholic religion in 1516, Henry had their marriage annulled by Thomas Cranmer just over a decade of Mary’s birth. Thus, this left Mary with the handicap of being an illegitimate daughter. It was after Henry’s third wife Jane Seymour (the second being Anne Boleyn) a son, Edward VI was born in 1537. This birth of a male heir dramatically and immediately impacted Mary’s entire life. Edward was to have a major effect on Mary’ position as he dominated the throne from birth. After Henry’s death in 1547 Edward fulfilled this position at the young of age of nine.As Edward had been educated by Protestant tutors due to his father break with the Roman Catholic Church with his subsequent title Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland; it meant that he was an actively practising Protestant and his uncle Edward Seymour strongly encouraged reform in the Church. The first attack was that of the dissolution of the Chantries, this omitted the belief of purgatory. In 1549 he announced that priests could marry. By 1552 Edward had made a series of dramatic changes that were quickly crumbling Mary’s beliefs.Edward had introduced the Book of Common Prayer that included; the abolition of stone altars with simp le wooden tables and the Mass was replaced with the consubstantiation Holy Communion. However, Predestination was accepted by Edward. A position in heaven could not be bought. Protestants abroad began to immigrate to England where they could freely and comfortably practise their religion without fear of being dictated as heretics. These changes completely transformed the Church of England during Henry VIII’ reign and more importantly were to prove more difficult for Mary to deal with during her reign.King Edward VI had died very unexpectedly from a cough that deteriorated and developed into a fever and the subsequent â€Å". difficulty in drawing his breath†, and later â€Å" . . compression of the organs on the right side. † It was proposed he had a tumour of some sort yet he was beyond recover. He died on the 6th July 1553. Ironically, Mary Tudor became queen at the age of fifteen. Yet, England’s religion now was completely opposite to that of Mary†™s belief due to Edward, this truly contributed to her restoration of Catholicism being that of a failure.Thus, the second point emerges. As Edward was slowly passing he conducted a â€Å"Devise for Succession†. He denounced that his half-sister Mary should take to the throne. Not only were they simultaneously contradicting on religious terms but also, Edward was unwilling to witness an illegitimate Queen take to the throne. This also applied to Anne Boleyn’s daughter Elizabeth, who was also declared a bastard. Mary was furious that Edward had declared that his cousin (once removed) Lady Jane Grey was to succeed him.However, Lady Jane Grey’s reign was quite ironic in the fact that she succeeded for only nine days beginning from the 10th July 1553. A proposal was announced in which â€Å"barring Mary from the succession was a cause in which the young King believed. † Marry stood firmly on her ground and publically announced that she should be made queen. By the 19th July Mary had a brewing and overwhelming number of supporters. In Suffolk she rounded up an army of nearly twenty thousand. Soon Lady Jane Grey was accused of high treason and imprisoned in Tower’s Gentleman Gaoler’s apartments by Mary. She was beheaded in private.Yes, there was quite a rejoicing orientation with Mary’s now fundamental establishment as queen; however, she was doomed in many respects from the beginning due to Edwards’s success. The Book of Common Prayer at this stage was in full use and it hugely denounced and contrasted with her Catholic faith. Cranmer’s Forty Two Articles proved very successful in the Protestant religion and were entirely difficult for Mary to dissolve due to the vast support. Another huge obstacle stood in Mary’s path and indeed weakened her position. This damaging figuring was the Dissolution/Suppression of the Monasteries during Henry VIII’s Anglican reign.With the Acts of Supremacy i n place from 1534, Henry VIII took over Church lands. Therefore, she found it completely difficult to restore Church lands due to their ownership now in the hands of private landowners. This was a major problem that resulted in her failed attempt of Catholic restoration. A third reason exists that caused Mary’s failure. The Council of Trent encouraged by Pope Paul III lasted from 1543-1565; a revival of the Catholic faith was debated and in desperate need of restoration which was the era of the Counter-Reformation. Therefore, as the revival took place during Mary’s reign a lot of restoration was needed.Sadly, Mary proved ineffective here. Prior to her reign Edward had successfully dismantled England’s hundred year reign of Catholicism inside a period of six years under Protestantism. Indeed, she immediately proved unpopular with the Protestants due to her proclamation that she was to lead England under Catholic rule. She firstly imprisoned the Protestant leaders which were participating in the Church during Edward VI’s reign; these included such reformers as John Roger, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, John Bradford and Thomas Cranmer by the end of September of 1553.Mary abolished Edward’s successful religious laws and restored the 1539 Six Articles which was that of the Catholic doctrine that set out once again confirming that priests could not marry. A huge contribution to Mary’s failure was the brutal Marian Persecutions. By 1554 Pope Julius III had reviewed and approved of the Heresy Acts. Mary I greatly abused this authority which granted her the drastic title of ‘Bloody Mary’. Many desired to flee the continent rather than be burned for heresy. In fact over eight hundred Protestant reformers (many of whom landed in England during Edward’s reign) retreated to Western Europe.By February 1555 Mary had already began her heretical burnings that were to be made her trademark. Also, by the ninth of Februar y Mary Tudor already had four Protestants burned including that of J. Hooper and J. Roger. Thomas Cranmer too was burned as a heretic. His position was soon succeeded by Mary’s executive governess Margaret Pole’s, (the 8th Countess of Salisbury) son, Reginald Pole in March 1556. Barbarically, ‘Bloody Mary’ had over 283 Protestants executed; the majority of them were burned. The Athenaeum; or, spirit of the English Magazines statistically conveys the significant number of these innocent civilians.It states that there were twenty widowers, twenty-six wives, and even two infants were also involved in the executions (those mentioned were burnt). It was not surprising that a large opposition towards Catholicism emerged after the huge number of ‘heretics’ were burned. Marys support became unpopular in England due to the burnings. These victims of who were burned at the stake soon were regarded as martyrs. This form of punishment was so intense that even the jurist and Franciscan theologian, Alfonso de Castro utterly denounced it.This widespread outrage and opposition seriously damaged Mary’s reputation and moreover failed the restoration of Catholicism. It was not peaceful and definitely not popular. Fourthly, Mary’s failed attempt to restore Catholicism can also be based on her marriage. From a very young age plans for a suitable husband were continuously being negotiated by Henry VIII. It is quite interesting in the fact that even when she was at the age of two Henry suggested that Mary in time should marry the Dauphin, the infant son of the King Francis I of France. However, this politically changed due to a contract.Then in 1522 it was suggested that Mary should wed the twenty two year old Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who was also her cousin. From chopping and changing of wedding plans Thomas Wolsey then proposed that an English alliance with France was secured, thus a French marriage did not have to commen ce. When Mary was in her late thirties it began to dawn on her that she should find a husband in hope to produce an heir. Mary was relentlessly eager not to have Elizabeth, her half-sister, abdicate the throne. Charles V suggested that Mary marry his son Prince Philip II of Spain.However, in sharp contrast in England both the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor Gardiner encouraged her to marry an Englishman as they were terrified of foreign affair clashes with the Habsburgs. In Kent a rebellion broke out under Thomas Wyatt, the younger, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, who was Lady Jane Grey’s father. They wished to cease the marriage between Mary and Philip which was about to commence. They were in favour of Elizabeth. However, they were captured and imprisoned. Nevertheless, the French style wedding proceeded on 25th July 1554 in Winchester Cathedral.Gardiner, even though in opposition with the marriage performed the ceremony which was spoke in a range of language; Spanish, French and Latin as Philip could not speak English. Both in England and Spain the wedding was denounced. For Mary this immediately withdrew huge support and weakened her restoration of Catholicism. As mentioned, the wedding was nationally opposed due to contradicting countries with different affairs and policies. When Philip married Mary it meant that he was given the title ‘King of England’ and a monarch like Mary, of Ireland. Also, coinage then bore both Mary’s and Philip’s head that was engraved on them.Philip had married Mary for political reason only and in fact wrote to Brussels’ correspondent stating that, â€Å"the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries. † This then leads the question to a fifth reason. In July 1557 Philip, confident with more power was eager to renew a war with France; he urged for Mary to support, which she did with little hesitation nor reluctance. Advisers begged Mary that England was in an unstable state to wedge a war due to continuous bad harvests meant that they lacked both food and finance.To make matters even worse was the fact that Pope Paul IV was allied with the French force under Henry II. This aided in Mary’s failure to restore Catholicism. Disaster occurred again at a huge defeat in January 1558 when the French forces took England’s only colony on the European mainland, Calais. This defeat really was not needed. It positioned England in a very problematic state with attacks (which were more minor to the Battle with France) in the Pale area in Dublin, Ireland due to the Plantations that were in progress during the Tudor Dynasty.Mary’s reign was becoming completely tattered at this point to the extent of several and continuous faults. They all surrounded the failure of her attempt to restore Catholicism which was her main aim. As Philips marriage to Ma ry was solely based on political aspects Mary plans were different. Mary Tudor’s initial plan for marriage was in hopes to produce an heir to abdicate the throne. Elizabeth was Protestant and Mary did not intend to witness her enforcement of Catholicism (even though a failure) be diminished. Thus, this spring’s a sixth reason as to why Mary’s Catholic restoration was a failure.In short, she could not produce a child due to medical reasons later devised, yet to elaborate there is more to the story. It was in September 1554 Mary began to show signs and symptoms of a pregnant woman. Of course, she stopped menstruating, her weight increased and she suffered from nausea in mornings and evenings. By April 1555, her child was expected and even Elizabeth, who had been arrested since the Wyatt Rebellion, made an appearance at the awaited event. However, even Philip was unsure of the pregnancy. He even wrote in a letter to Maximilian of Austria (his brother-in-law) portra ying his disbelief, he quotes â€Å". . the queen’s pregnancy turn out not to have been as certain as we thought†. Even Susan Clarencieux (a lady in waiting), who was a friend of Mary I’s, did begin to doubt that a child was present in her whom. Even by July Mary still showed signs of being pregnant yet no child emerged and it was believed that she suffered from a ‘phantom pregnancy’. Possibly, she desired to have a child to succeed her that she was willing to create a tale. Her inability to produce an heir automatically meant that Elizabeth was next in line to the throne.This condition which Mary possessed meant that an heir under her faith would not be able to succeed the thrown. This was a huge catalyst that failed her attempted restoration of Catholicism. Lastly, the ultimate cause of Mary’s failed restoration of Catholicism was due to the fact that her reign from 19th July 1553 was disturbed by her untimely death on 17th November 1558. I t was proposed that she had died of an ovarian cyst or even a tumour which had caused her to believe (prior to her death) that she was pregnant. Philip was not in England at the time but in Brussels.He as he states, he felt â€Å"a reasonable regret for her death†. To conclude, there were seven main reasons for Mary’s failed attempt to restore Catholicism. Possibly if she had lived longer she could have improved her position of the throne most importantly the restoration of Catholicism. However, there were so many reasons for this failure it is doubtful it could have been improved. Indeed, she left an impact, yet it is majorly fixed on her negative title as ‘Bloody Mary’ and most certainly not on her restoration of Catholicism which was, sadly, a failure. BibliographyPrimary Sources: Spirit of the English magazine. The Athenaeum; or, spirit of the English Magazines. Volume 3-April-October, 1818. Boston: Munroe and Francis, 1818. Secondary Sources: Cobbett, William. A history of Protestant â€Å"reformation†, in England and Ireland. Harvard; Willaim Clement Publishers, 1824. De Groot, Wim. The Seventh window: The King’s window donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557). Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005. Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor. Yale: Yale University Press, 2009. Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. London: Methuen, 1962. Fardell, Lane. The Royal Doctors, 1485-1714: medical personnel at the Tudor and Stuart Courts. Kent: University Rocheter Press, 2001. Fletcher, Anthony and MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Tudor Rebellion. England; Pearon Education, 2011. Foister, Susan. Holbein in England. London: Tate Publishing. Foxe, J. The Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous days touching matter of the Church, ed. S. R. Frederic Madden, Privy purse expenses of the Princess Mary, daughter of the King Henry the Eighth, afterwards Queen Mary.London: W. Pickering, 1831. Haigh, Christopher. The English Reformation revised. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Skidmore, Chris. Edward VI: The Lost King of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007. Ivers, Eric. Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell Publications, 2009. Loach, Jennifer. Edward VI, eds. George Bernard and Penry Willaims. New Haven: Yale University, 1999. Loades, David. The Reign of Mary Tudor. London: Longman Publications, 1991. McNeese, Tim. History of Civilization- The Reformation.Dayton: Lorenz Educational Pres, 2001. Porter, Linda. Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Little Brown, 2007. Redworth, Glyn. Philip (1527-1598), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, May 2011 edition. Rudolph Elton, Geoffrey. England under the Tudors. Britain; Routledge Publications, 1991. Waller, Maureen. Sovereign Ladies: The six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006. Whitelock, Anna. Mary Tudor: England’s First Queen. Londo n: Bloomsbury, 2009. Williams, Neville and Fraser, Antonia. The Tudors. California: University of California, 2006.

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Analysis of three directors - Essay Example Their work represents a gradual development of storytelling, starting with the deliberately shocking cut scenes of Rohmer’s new wave, which refuses to construct neat plot development from scene to scene, and moving on to a complex interplay of images in Antonioni and finally leading to a new kind of realism with Kieslowski. It would be wrong to see a direct linear relationship between these three directors, but each of them in their own way absorbed developments from the past in their own particular development of cinema. Eric Rohmer’s set of six films known as his Contes Moraux (Moral Tales), based on a set of short stories grouped together into novel form, mark a distinct point in the history of the cinema because they begin to assert a particular approach which is designed and delivered purely with cinema in mind. It departs from earlier theatrical types of presentation, in which directors used techniques borrowed from the stage, and from the literary tradition, based on the narrative and characterization techniques of novels, which aimed to turn famous literature into films. Theatre is a relatively artificial and static art form, bound by artificial unities of time and place, while film has the potential to explore more natural rhythms of real life. Techniques such as voice-overs to give underpin and fill out action were already well developed in film, but Rohmer used juxtaposition of different characters, for example the rather odd relationship between Adrien, Haydee and Daniel in la Coll ectionneuse, along with ironic commentary by the lead character to explore how the voiceover can introduce tension and irony into the film. Rohmer ventures into a mature and truly cinematic treatment of major moral issues through the lives of very ordinary middle class men and women. James Monaco notes that the first two films in the series, La Boulangà ¨re de Monceau and La Carrià ¨re de Suzanne are shorter, of poorer technical quality than the

Final Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Research Paper - Essay Example Organizations are also measured by how much operations are differentiated or integrated: Differentiation is the extent to which jobs are specialized, whereas integration shows the extent to which different work units cooperate. how authority is distributed throughout the organization. If that authority, such as over hiring and spending, is concentrated in the upper echelons, the organization is known as being centralized; if it is spread out, it is considered decentralized. No one organizational scheme is better than another; the contingency approach to studying structure deems that "successful organizations develop a structure consistent with the pattern of goals and the strategy established by senior management" (Schermerhorn et al., 2005, 516). During the Reagan era, Microsoft was the scrappy underdog whose staff openly laughed at the moribund IBM. The company went public in 1986. The Office suite of productivity applications for the workplace first appeared in 1989; Windows 3.0 operating system debuted the next year. The young Microsoft fostered an aggressive business environment centered on the personal computer both in the home and in businesses. When the market exploded in the 1990s, the company quickly became so large and so dominant that in 1998, the U.S. Department of Justice sued the company for monopolistic practices. The settlement in 2001 split operations along the Windows and Office lines and forced the company to accept partnerships with rivals like Sun and Netscape (Greene, et al. 2004). The case in and of itself did not hinder Microsoft's growth: The Windows operating system runs on 330 million personal computers around the world, about 90 percent of the PC operating system market. Windows is installed by mo re than 300 PC manufacturers and helps run thousands of peripherals like printers, scanners and increasingly, portable music players. Thousands of software programs by independent developers run on Windows (Lohr & Markoff, 2006). New versions of Windows and Office are scheduled to debut in the near future and the company's new entry into the console gaming market, X-Box 360, debuted last year to generally good reviews. The company is still dealing with antitrust charges in the European Union, though it has recently promised to deal more fairly with competitors (Buck, 2006). Microsoft's policy has been to go through periodic reorganizations, sometimes as often as every two years. Founder and Chairman Bill Gates has said this is a necessary part of the company's strategy. "Even though reorganizations are expected, they still create anxiety for almost everyone, including me," (Bateman & Snell, 2003, p. 267). Though Gates stepped down as chief executive officer in 2000 and handed the reins to current CEO Steve Ballmer, he remains the face of

Recommendation - conclusion Essay Example for Free

Recommendation conclusion Essay The factors and stimulants to the fast food industry discussed in the paper have highlighted certain aspects in the company policies that need to be revised for better and effective brand positioning of Back Yard Burgers. The strategic changes recommended in the paper are summarized below: †¢ Brand awareness and brand recognition campaign using â€Å"Fun logo† that spells great time to the consumer segment. †¢ Aggressive market campaign to promote consumer traffic using catchy slogans that appeals to the youngsters and children. †¢ Bright color scheme for the restaurant interiors, uniform in pattern and layout across all outlets to ensure visibility and consumer retention. †¢ Spearheading changes in the restaurant operations integrating fast food service features with menu offerings of a full serviced restaurant. †¢ Event catering and home delivery concepts can be introduce to popularize the company products and services. †¢ Flexible offerings in price to suit all levels of consumer segment. †¢ Regular adaptations to the menu card to retain consumer interest. †¢ Introduction of healthier options in the menu card to cater to the health conscious consumers. Conclusion The rapid changes in the consumer behavior drive the fast food industry business. Rising incomes, and changes in the lifestyles of the people are the stimulants to this change in food culture. From traditional home cooked meals to ready to eat over the counter burgers and sandwiches – the eating habits of the Americans have changed drastically. Back Yard Burgers started with one outlet in the year 1987 and moved on to 183 outlets by the year 2007 – the expansion is quite dramatic. But the success story could have been even more dramatic if the company had followed a different operational strategy. The loopholes in their existing strategy is quite evident at this stage when the management realizes the potential that the company had to expand and conquer the fast food industry segment. But its not too late to make the amends and bring out the true potential that the company has to overcome the stiff competition from market giants like McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King. All that is required is a little foresightedness and a flexibility to adapt to the changing market trends. References: 1. Company website – www. backyardburgers. com accessed on 11th Dec 2007 2.Eric Schlosser – Rolling stone magazine (Sept 1998) – Fast-food Nation: The true cost of America’s Diet http://www. mcspotlight. org/media/press/rollingstone1. html accessed on 11th Dec 2007 3. Back Yard Burgers Inc. http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/Back-Yard-Burgers-Inc-Company-History. html accessed on 11th Dec 2007 4. Hayden Stewart, Noel Blisard, Sanjib Bhuyan, Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr. – USDA – The Demand For Food Away From Home Full Service or Fast Food? http://www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer829/aer829. pdf accessed on 12th Dec 2007 5. http://finance. google. com/finance? q=NASDAQ:BYBI accessed on 12th Dec 2007 6. SEC reports from the company website 7. http://www. franchize. biz/franchise-information-whats-new. htm accessed on 11th Dec 2007 8. http://www. hoovers. com/fast-food-and-quickservice-restaurants/ID__269/free-ind-fr-profile-basic. xhtml accessed on 11th Dec 2007 9. http://www. nytimes. com/2006/04/19/business/19mcdonalds. html? _r=2pagewanted=2oref=sloginoref=slogin accessed on 12th Dec 2007 10. http://content. healthaffairs. org/cgi/content/full/22/6/207 accessed on 12th Dec 2007.

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union: A Comparison and Contrast

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union: A Comparison and Contrast In comparing and contrasting the governments of Nazi German and the Soviet Union one has to research the political ideology of both Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin and the types of governments they both headed. Adolph Hitler leaned towards Mussolinis Fascism whereas Joseph Stalin leaned toward Totalitarianism Totalitarianism Totalitarianism are hierarchies that are dominated by a single political party and usually one political leader and is a form of government in which the state monopolizes all the resources in an effort to control all areas of both private and public life. This is done through the use of misinformation, fear, and technology. Totalitarianism rejects the existing government as being corrupt, immoral, and beyond fixing and as a result the paint a picture in which these wrongs are to be corrected and then provide plans and programs to implement a new government. These ideologies which are carried out by propaganda campaigns then demand total obedience from the people. Fascism The Fascism movement began in 1919 in Italy and Europe and was an authoritarian political movement that happened after World War One due to the social and political changes of the time as well as due to the spread of socialism and Communism. Fascism derived its name from the fasces which was ancient symbol of Roman authority which was pictured as a bundle of rods and an ax. The early Fascist movement was a combination of right and left wing ideas that put an emphasizes on production, elitism, the need for a strong leader, anti-socialism, and nationalism. Similarities The role of the leaders was the most striking similarity in the political structure of both systems with Hitler in Germany and Stalin in Russia. Both leaders influence was so great that historians find it complicated to separate the system from the man in referring to Stalins Russia and Hitlers Germany. Both systems were not only headed by a single person, they were also dominated by a single party, with the Nazis in Germany and the Communist in the Soviet Union. Both were also driven by an ideology, fascism in Germany and communism in the Soviet Union. Differences In Germany the status of the Hitler sect of Nazism was much more consequential. In a sense the Hitler sect was Nazism. It is hard to imagine the Nazi Party without Hitler this being because of Hitlers personality. It has been observed that Hitlers leadership style lead to Nazisms inability to reproduce itself in a methodical way and to its irrationality. Hitler was completely avoided established patterns and procedures for work, when asked how a party member should progress up the ladder to become, say, a regional chief, and his answer was that the individual should show his suitability by simply seizing the post, i.e. by proving himself in action. In this way he expected a shapeless Nazi movement to evolve by a process of natural selection by choosing those he thought most worthy of loyalty to him. The Hitler administration lacked a rational order which the ultimate result would be its downfall due radicalization in conditions of administrative chaos. In Ian Kershaws words, Hitlers leadership was utterly incompatible with a rational decision-making process, or with a coherent, unified administration and the attainment of limited goals . . . its self-destructive capacity unmistakable, its eventual demise certain. (Working Towards the FÃ ¼hrer. Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship . ) The greater threat to all of humanity was Nazi Germany, ironically it was the Soviet Union that liberated Eastern Europe and was the main force that defeated Nazi Germany, and as a result saved Europe and the world from the Nazism. . even though it was unintentionally, the Soviets saved the Baltic nations, the Poles, the Ukrainians, the Czechs, and others, from an intended Nazi genocide. This was not an attempt to be a total physical annihilation, as with the Jews, but just disappearance of these groups. Stalin was not interested in supporting Jews in thier fight against Germany. Stalin, Molotov and others almost always rejected the mention of Jews as specific groups of victims when talking about crimes of the Wehrmacht or the Germans in general. Even with his anti-semitic views, this should not diminish the role played by Stalin and the Soviet Union as the major force that brought about the defeat and surrender of Nazi Germany whose goals was the goal of annihilating the Jewish peop le. With Germanys defeatm lives of untold millions of Jews was saved. Conclusion Even though both regimes wanted a Superior Race Nazi Germanny wanted a total annilatization of undesirables where the Soviet Union wanted the undesirables out of the land. Nazi Germany was willing to commite genocide to obtain their goals of a racially pure nation. Both were gulity of millions of innocent people. References: Grobman, G. M. (1990). Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State. In Remember.org [A Cybrary of the Holocaust]. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.htmlJames, H. (2003). The Twentieth Century in an Iron Cage: Modernization and Rationalization. In Europe Reborn: A History, 1914 2000Great Britain: Pearson/Longman. Bauer, Y. (n.d. ). On Comparisons between Nazi Germany and the Soviet regime. In Memorial Service [A politically independent organization that apart sets with the causes and consequences of Nazism and its crimes. ]. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from http://www.gedenkdienst.or.at/fileadmin/user_upload/yehuda_bauer_-_23_august.pdf Thomas A Idinopulos. (2000). How Yehuda Bauers critique of Holocaust thinking has changed my mind. Journal of Ecumenical Studies,37(3/4),444-454. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID:103770793). Kershaw, I. (1993, July). Working Towards the FÃ ¼hrer. Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship . Contemporary European History, 2(2), 103-118.

Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan

Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan The latest technological gadgets have gained immense popularity in the last few years and the customers are eager to try out new products and services. Considering the increasing demand of touch screen alarm clock as identified by Brandon (2010), our company will be introducing this product in the market and will ensure that it successfully meets the requirements of every customer by charging reasonable price for the product range. Market Research findings Since the business environment is becoming fierce and competitive, it has become vital for the companies to carry out a market research before launching the product in the market (Ranjhita, 2011). With the help of the research, it was found that touch screen alarm clock has huge potential for the new entrants and entry barriers are relatively low (Cako, 2005). In US, every top ranked brand is offering its products but there are some areas where people have limited access to these clocks. The three areas identified by our company are Ohio, Florida and California; the geographic segmentation has been done to get a clear picture of the type of customers that the company will be targeting. From the analysis of the research findings, it is decided that the brand name will be Express Alarm Clock and it will comprise of two models on the basis of features. One model will be simple with less features and other will be with complicated and extremely high technical features. The other aspects of the marketing plan are discussed below in detail. Target Market In order to reach the right market, it is important that the target market is decided beforehand which will ensure that there will be certain number of consumers who would be willing to buy the product (Flink, 2011). The target market of this new touch screen Alarm Clock is as follows: Gender: Male and Female Age: 8 years and above Income: $30,000 and above Lifestyle: Depending on the life cycle stage; young children and adults are fun-loving, adventurous and technologically savvy. Older people i.e. 40 years and above prefer to have simple technical gadgets with easy to understand features. Occupation: Depends on the life cycle stage but would mainly comprise of students, part-time or full-time employed people, professionals and housewives Positioning Statement Since every brand is developed with the aim of creating distinctive image in the market, its positioning needs to be accurately done so that the customers are communicated the message appropriately (Ferrell Heartline, 2008). The positioning statement of Express Alarm Clock is to be the number one touch screen alarm clock with simplistic features, durable quality and advanced functionalities that will allow the users to carry the gadget everywhere easily and with utmost ease. Product offerings Initially, there will be two models launched in the market to meet the demands of the touch screen alarm clock market. Every customer is looking for affordable touch screen alarm clocks, so the company will introduce two models; one will be priced for economical customers and other will be priced for brand conscious and high quality product customers. The two types of product offerings with their descriptions are given below: Simple Express Alarm Clock This product will be used simply for alarm setting purposes. It will be performing only this function and maximum five alarms can be easily set in this clock. The main target for this clock is older people who are looking for touch screen alarm clocks with easy to use features so that they can use the gadget without difficulty. LED Express Alarm Clock This model will have all the features that the customers are looking for in such alarm clocks. The design of the model has been done with perfection so that the customers love its style and design and get attracted to the product at once. The amazing features of the clock are MP3 player, Built-in FM radio and Wi-Fi along with alarm clock setting. Pricing Strategy As there are so many competitors in the touch screen alarm clock industry such as Sony, Apple, Sharp, Timex, Android, Westclox and many more, it is important that the pricing strategy is selected in accordance with the competitors. As the company is new in the market, it should either follow competitive pricing or cost plus pricing (Ernst, Hoyer RÃ ¼bsaamen, 2010). Both of the models will follow competitive pricing so that the customers can easily compare the product features and all other aspects and ensure that they make adequate purchasing decision. The price of Simple Express Alarm Clock will be $10 and LED Express Alarm Clock will be $25. Simple Express Alarm Clock will be available in Black, Blue and Green colors and LED Express Alarm Clock will be available in Blue, Red and Black colors. Distribution Strategy The distribution strategy is one of the key components of the complete marketing plan as the only way to reach the target market is to choose compatible distribution locations (Sikdar VEL, 2010). The products of the company will be available in two places to ensure that every customer has easy access to them. First of all, the products will be available at the consumer shopping centers and retail stores such as Wal-Mart, Target, Costco and many more. The other distribution network that will be used is the companys website. Any customer who is looking for the touch screen alarm clock online will have to just visit our site, review various options available for them and make final decision after carefully evaluating all options offered by the company. However, the distribution will be done only in Ohio, Florida and California. After success of the products, the company might expand into other regions after carefully surveying the markets. Promotion Strategy The promotional strategy will ensure that the desired message is communicated to the target audience with accuracy so that the sales level can be successfully achieved (Flink, 2011). The foremost aim of the promotion strategy is to create awareness about the companys presence in the market and it will make use of complementary mediums so that the customers can develop an association with the brand. Initially, the advertising mediums that will be used are Television Commercials, advertisements in newspapers and billboards along with flyers, posters and advertisements in the leading magazines. Similarly, a trade show will be organized on the commercial street so that it can create awareness about its presence in the market. In order to be present on Internet, the stores website will be developed and all information about the company will be provided on the site. As the latest trend in the market is of social media marketing, our company will develop a webpage on social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn and Orkut so that the customers can start talking about the products on our community page. There are various discussion forums as well where people gather and discuss about the products and services of different companies and give their viewpoints about them as well. The social media will be beneficial for our company as it will enhance our online presence and increase the sales amount at an accelerating rate (Weber, 2007). In order to attract our customers, we will offer various attractive packages such as discount packages, gifts for purchasing products of more than $100, arrange contests to distribute various prizes to the customers and give special offers to the loyal customers. We will introduce loyalty cards for our customers who will keep on purchasing new products that are launched by our company on continuous basis. The marketing efforts of the company will be reviewed monthly as the technological advancements take place on an ongoing basis and new products are introduced quickly as well. The initial source of evaluation for the company will be the difference in the estimated and actual sales of the product (Ferrell Heartline, 2008). On the website, the customers will be allowed to give their feedback about the product features and the existing customers will be asked to participate in the survey of the touch screen alarm clocks. Sales and Service Strategy As the touch screen alarm clocks will be developed with latest technology and will have new and unique features, it is vital for our company to have an effective after sales and customer service strategy. With the help of this strategy, we will have a well-trained and competent sales force who will ensure that each customers complaints are properly handled and they are provided instant solutions to their problems. After selling the products to our customers, our sales representatives will call them after one month of purchasing to get their feedback about the products. With the help of this survey, we will be able to monitor the performance of our products and it will ensure that we take appropriate step in case of any problems so that the customers are relieved of their worries. In order to make sure that each of our customers is satisfied with his/her purchasing decision, we will offer one year warranty card and will entertain our customers aptly so that they become our loyal customers.

Minority Mental Illness Essay -- essays research papers

Mental health is essential to overall health as well as efficiency. It is the foundation for thriving contributions to family, district, and culture. All through the lifespan, mental health is the source of thoughts and communication skills, knowledge, pliability, and self-esteem. It is all too easy to dismiss the worth of mental health until troubles emerges (Brager, G. & Holloway, S., 1978). Mental health troubles and illnesses are factual and disabling conditions that are experienced by one in five Americans. Those who do not get treatment, mental illnesses can consequence in disability and desolation for families, schools, societies, and the workplace. The mainly important aspect of minorities’ health and wellness is the one that gets the slightest concentration ‘mental health’. Many minorities have to contract with numerous stressful issues at once (Hagedorn, 1977). For instance, current immigrants have to settle in to a new country, learn a new language, look for a good and secure job, afford proper residence for their family, and may also miss their relatives, and friends in their motherland of origin. Further, young minorities have to compact with finding their own ethnic uniqueness and how they fit into their specific racial community. Moreover, all minority communities frequently have to compact with the gloomy and often agonizing realities of what it means to be minority community and a person of color in American society and the chauvinism, inequity, and racism that on occasion goes along with it. Cultural and social features contribute to the causation of mental illness, yet that involvement varies by disorder. Though, Cultures diverge with esteem to the significance they instruct to mental illness, their approach of making sense of the prejudiced experience of illness and distress (Hagedorn, 1977). The implication of an illness refers to entrenched outlooks and beliefs a culture holds concerning whether an illness is actual or probable, whether it is of the body or the mind, whether it deserves understanding, how much disgrace surrounds it, what might ground it, and what kind of person might yield to it. Cultural significance of mental illness have real consequences in terms of whether people are aggravated to look for treatment, how they deal with their indications, how helpful their relatives and communities are, where they search for ... ...ficantly on verbal communication between patient and clinician concerning symptoms, their temperament, strength, and collision on functioning. While lots of mental health professionals endeavor to deliver treatment that is receptive to the culture of the patient, problems can take place. (Anthony, Kennard, O'Brien, Forbes, R. 1986). Physicians must be alert to the prospect of overlooking mental health disorders along with their minority patients. The consequences suggest also the requirement for strategies to look up the discovery of such problems in certain patient populations, mainly African Americans, and Hispanics. References Anthony, W. A., Kennard, W. A., O'Brien, W. F. & Forbes, R. (1986). Psychiatric rehabilitation: Past myths and current realities. 2. Brager, G. & Holloway, S. (1978). Changing Human services organizations: Politics and practice. New York: Free Press. 3. Hagedorn, H. (1977). A manual on state mental health planning (DHHS Publication. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. 4. Hasenfeld, Y. (1983). Human service organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 5. Levitt, T. (1988). Command and consent Harvard Business Review

Ballad Of Birmingham :: essays research papers

Dudley Randall's Ballad of Birmingham Dudley Randall's Ballad of Birmingham gives a poetic account of the bombing of a Birmingham church in 1963. The poem was written in ballad form to convey the mood of the mother to her daughter. The author also gives a graphic account of what the 1960's were like. Irony played a part also in the ballad showing the church as the warzone and the freedom march as the safer place to be. Writing the poem in ballad form gave a sense of mood to each paragraph. The poem starts out with an eager little girl wanting to march for freedom. The mother explains how treacherous the march could become showing her fear for her daughters life. The mood swings back and forth until finally the mother's fear overcomes the child's desire and the child is sent to church where it will be safe. The tempo seems to pick up in the last couple of paragraphs to emphasize the mothers distraught on hearing the explosion and finding her child's shoe. The poem also focuses on what life was like in the sixties. It tells of black freedom marches in the South how they effected one family. It told of how our peace officers reacted to marches with clubs, hoses, guns, and jail. They were fierce and wild and a black child would be no match for them. The mother refused to let her child march in the wild streets of Birmingham and sent her to the safest place that no harm would become of her daughter. Going to church in the ghetto in Birmingham was probably the safest place a mother could send her child. But this is where the irony takes place. The irony makes the church the warzone and place of destruction while the march was the safest place to be. The child was depicted as combed hair, freshly bathed, with white gloves, and white shoes, which is also ironic. The mother had sent an angel dressed in white to a firestorm from hell called church. The mother was completely sure that her daughter was safe until she

Developing And Conducting A Successful Capital Campaign Essay -- Fund-

Developing And Conducting A Successful Capital Campaign A capital campaign is an effort to raise funds for the capital needs of an organization or institution. This includes acquisition of property or equipment, construction, renovation, endowments, special projects and programs. Capital campaigns are an occasional necessity, from time to time, in the life of an institution especially when it is part of an institution’s master or long-range plan. The efforts of a capital campaign are of major proportions usually taking place over several years. The reason I have undertaken the research of developing and conducting a successful capital campaign is because I have been in environments where capital campaigns were being conducted. As an undergraduate at Cal State Dominguez Hills, I recall the ground breaking of the Loker Student Union, which was in the last phase of its campaign. I also remember when the campus took on the task to raise fund for the Challenger Center; it was considered in the pre-public phase of the campaign. As a professional, I have been fortunate to be part of two capital campaigns, UCLA’s and the Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association’s. In 1993 at UCLA, I was an assistant to the Director of Development of the Neurosciences in the School of Medicine. Along with the other campus schools, I was involved in the planning and preparation that occurred before the capital campaign called the pre-public phase. It was a very educational experience that I enjoyed. In 1997/98, as a Manager of the Capital Ca mpaign at the Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association, I was involved in efforts during the capital campaign called the public phase. While my experience at the Zoo was also education, I realized that components of the ca... ...le to exceed its goal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Capital Ideas, by M. Jane Williams, Fund-Raising Institute, 2nd Edition, San Francisco, 1979 Conducting a Successful Capital Campaign, by Kent E. Dow, Jersey Bass Publisher, San Francisco, 1991 Capital Giving: Transition from 80’s to 90’s, by J.P. Butler III, CASE, Bethesda, MD, 1986 Prerequisites for Probable Campaign Success, by John Grezenbach, "Corporate Report," Chicago, IL, 1986 Key Elements to a Successful Capital Campaign, by Anita Morin, Capital District Business Review, 1996 Capital Quest, Inc., Traditional Phases of Capital Campaign Michael Marek, Organizing a Capital Campaign Rocky Mountain Institute Newsletter Georgia Tech Capital Campaign Update University of Miami School of Medicine Capital Campaign Update University of Findlay Capital Campaign Office Group 121 Consulting Firm

Cheerleading Definition Paper

Dana Pensabene Mr. Ford- English 015 Definition July 8, 2011 Their hair tightly pulled back. Their razorbacks, drenched in sweat. They all go up, but most crash right back down. Broken noses, bloody knees, concussions, sprained ankles, black and blues everywhere, and knots up and down their spines. Half of them have their wrists wrapped; cutting off circulation; to support the human that they are about to elevate ten feet high in the air. Girls gripping their own toes above their heads, and their feet next to their faces. It’s Cheerleading.A club? I tend to doubt cheerleading is a club, but that is what it has been considered for years. Competitive cheerleading at Northern Valley Old Tappan High School has been receiving the minimal credits that a ‘club’ offers. The credibility that athletes get for participating in a sport is much more respected and deserved than those of a club. Colleges see the amount of credits a varsity athlete gets, as well as an active club member. Though, a varsity athlete receives more credits. To be a Varsity athlete, you must participate in a sport.That I do, yet I receive the amount of credits as a club member would. So, Mr. Kachele, I’d like to offer you a definition of a sport because you must be misinformed as to what a sport constitutes. A sport is a psychical activity that requires talent, physical agility, dedication, time, a team and/or a coach. It also is governed by a set of rules, requires practice and is often competitive, yet occasionally played for recreation. Cheerleading fits under all of these categories but is still considered a club at Northern Valley High School.I suppose that what cheerleading once was; a ditzy, delicate, stand by activity for rowdy young teen girls; was considered a club, but that makes sense. Then, cheerleading was by no means a ‘sport’. Current day cheerleading is entirely different†¦ at least at Northern Valley. Having five varsity letters under my belt, and two seasons as Captain, I can vouch for all competitive cheerleading squads, including ours here at Northern Valley, that cheerleading should not be considered just a ‘club’. For our school, we do not only have one season to endure, but we have nine months.From the middle of August, we train for the football games. During the football season, we have at least a three-hour practice daily so we are prepared for our competitions. A competition has a certain number of teams to showcase their routines, and there is a first place winner. During these competitive few months, the cheerleaders are not only engaging in their own sport, but are also cheerleading for the basketball teams. To be non-sexist, we cheerlead for both Boys Varsity Basketball and Girls Varsity Basketball.That requires at least three games a week, at least one competition a weekend, and the rest of the days reserved to practice. Yet, we get the same amount of credits that the chess club and the p hotography club receive. As an active member in the Peer Mentor Club, Italian Club, Hand in Hand Club, and the Art Portfolio Club, I can honestly say what cheerleading requires does not measure up to all of these clubs combined together. When many of the people, who think cheerleading is not a sport, try to argue their point†¦ they make very hackneyed arguments.The opposing side usually brings up things including how cheerleading does not use any type of ball, so how could it be a sport? But that argument is a bit idiotic because in no definition of the word ‘sport’, does it say a sport requires usage of a ball. Another frequent idiotic argument is that cheerleading is not considered a sport because there is no winner. But, when we go to cheerleading competitions, there is a winner. There is also a second and third place team. The most frequently used argument is that cheerleading cannot be a sport because all we do is cheer for another sport.That would make sense, if that were all we did. We consider the games as practices for our competitions. They are also our chances to flaunt the skills we have acquired over the season to our school and excite the fans during games. What these opposing arguers do not realize is that there is a new competitive face of cheerleading. Like other sports, cheerleaders have to follow the regulations that are set for them. While we cheerlead at a football or basketball game, we need to have mats down on the hardwood floor if any stunt requires the girls to throw and let go of the flyer (the girl thrown in the air).Our uniforms must always cover our mid-section, our dance moves cannot be provocative, for obvious reasons, and we must wear our hair pinned back because it is dangerous to stunt with hair in your face†¦ in contrary to what is seen in most of the cliche cheerleading movies. We also can’t perform certain dangerous stunts requiring a flyer’s head to be upside down during competitions b ecause in the National Cheerleading Association, it is considered illegal.

Lanzones Peelings as Mosquito Coil Essay

1. compendious teaching method for sustainable organic evolution allows any human organism to acquire the k with stunned delayledge, skills, attitudes and de terminaline necessary to shape a sustainable early. tuition for Sustainable Development meat including rudimentary sustainable maturation issues into pedagogics and learning for example, modality replace, mishap bump of infection drop-off, biodiversity, penury reduction, and sustainable consumption. It as healthy as requires democratic teaching and learning methods that motivate and seat learners to lurch their behavior and teach swear out for sustainable learning. finale for Sustainable Development consequently promotes competencies like critical mentation, imagining succeeding(a) scenarios and making decisions in a collaborative way. Education for Sustainable Development requires far-reaching changes in the way upbringing is often full today. UNESCO is the lead agency for the UN Decade of Educat ion for Sustainable Development (2005-2014)Sustainable exacting is a unwieldy concept to stipulate it is also continually evolving, which makes it doubly difficult to define. One of the original descriptions of sustainable maturation is credited to the Brundtland Commission Sustainable phylogenesis is commencement that meets the postulate of the present without whippy the ability of rising generations to meet their ingest commands (World Commission on milieu and Development, 1987, p 43). Sustainable festering is in general thought to drive home three components environment, society, and economy. The fond welf ar of these three argonas is intertwined, non separate. For example, a intelligent, successful society relies on a healthy environment to provide food and resources, encounterless drinking water, and clean air for its citizens. The sustainability simulacrum rejects the contention that casualties in the environmental and amicable realms argon inevitable and acceptable consequences of economic culture. so, the authors consider sustainability to be a figure for thinking about a hereafter in which environmental, societal, and economic considerations atomic number 18 equilibrate in the pursuit of development and ameliorate feature of bread and besidester A wide accepted definition is development which meets the extremitys of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their stimulate needs. currently we ar not even impact the needs of the present let wholly considering the needs of future generations. The United Nations oblige decl ard 2005 2014 as the decade for Sustainable development, in an effort to reverse Sustainability is now recognize to be a pigment area of development for the tuition sector. In take officular, the policy and practice context points to the need to consider how surpass to embed it into higher(prenominal)(prenominal) tuition learning and teaching strategies and curricula. The high Education Academy is currently chore a program of development military action and content building so as to better assist institutions and subject communities in their development of curricula and pedagogy to equip students with the skills and familiarity to live and work sustainably.This recognize the brilliance of increasing sustainability literacy among students and the growing take for sustainability skills among employers. true work includes a baseline query study to identify existing corking practice in the sector. The impacts of globose heat and climate change is s uphold to be the greatest injustice of our time. The grounds sufferingest people set out contri aloneed least to its cause but they are the ones who take in most from its devastating effects. Poor and under real countries are the most that are at chance due to keen-sighted term flawed natural resource watchfulness practices and policies, increased population density and settlements in fragile eco-systems, increased want on environment and natural resources, little politics and prevalence of corruption.The acceleration of changing brave patterns due to global climate change aggravate further the underlying risk that some(prenominal) deplorable and developing countries are facing. Poverty incidence is higher in areas where natural incidents occur. The poor are by and large located in the rural areas and are dependent on agriculture, fishery and stock certificate that are inherently climate sensitive. Farmers and original peoples in upland communities live in landslide prone areas and the poor in the urban areas live in doubtful areas like along riverbanks. Poor households and poor nations by means ofout much of the homo see two disadvantages the inability to generate in coiffure and the picture to physical social and economic downwardsturns.Drought, flood, conflict, inflation, unsoundness and recession hit these groups and countries hardest. Furthermore, repeated flick to these downturns reinforces the conditions of poverty. Whatever progress we make from our poverty reduction and community development initiatives these are shattered the day after a disaster. These clearly produces that disasters do not completely worsen poverty in poor and developing countries but by the said(prenominal) token undermine retiring(a), current and future efforts to tackle poverty.DRR, Literacy and EducationOver the past years, we saw the transformation of many disaster responses from emergency and relief response during or immediately after a disaster, towards a Mn ore comprehensive cataclysm peril decrement (DRR) approach. Likewise, Community-based chance endangerment Reduction Programs using participatory approaches are being conducted in many countries by giving medication and non-government organizations. Since the adoption by 186 UN member states of the Hyogo textile for Action, promotion of DRR in program line had been taken, specifi send fory in the stiff reading sector. insurance guidelines, lances and methodologies had been developed to guide policy makers, implementers and practitioners in integrating DRR in nurture.This includes not just now integrating and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in rearing but as well as developing guidelines in school building construction. The Philippines is one re familiar where this initiative was pilot tested. Several materials connect to this had been developed by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and different agencies and organizations. A wealth of DRR education materials had also been developed the Asia-Pacific Cultural Center for UNESCO (ACCU) Planet 4 module on disaster cookery is one very good example.Literacy and education is crucial to Disaster Risk Reduction. trim risks and enhancing peoples resilient capacities to divvy up with disasters requires them to understand how they could best protect themselves. Litera cy and education is a necessity in ski lift awareness on the nature and straw man of natural hazards as well as the vulnerabilities and threats faced by the community. It plays a of import role in building life skills that could make a difference in life threatening situations during disasters. DRR and ESDSince the United Nations host on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, disaster reduction has been accepted as an integral component of sustainable development (Chapter 3 of Agenda 21) and the cross-sectoral nature of disaster risk reduction was once more emphasized in 2002 during the World pourboire on Sustainable Development. The linkage among disaster risk reduction education and sustainable development had been visible on other external agendas. Disaster Risk Reduction encompasses economic, political, cultural, social and environmental dimensions and that formal and non-formal education initiative under this mind is consistent with the framewor ks of ESD in three beta ways 1. Education for disaster risk reduction is interdisciplinary.thitherfore, important consideration is devoted to the impacts on, and relationship amongst, society, the environment, economy and culture. 2. Education for disaster risk reduction promotes critical thinking and problem solving and other social and emotional life skills that are crucial to the em agencyment of stakeholder groups threatened or stirred by disasters. 3. Education for disaster risk reduction supports the Millennium Development Goals. Without considering Disaster Risk Reduction in development planning, all efforts including, decades of development initiatives could be done for(p) in seconds.ESD in a modality Changed WorldThe nature of disasters in our climate changed adult male placed us to come into terms with our past and current behaviors, life style practices and our views of society, the economy, the world, the environment and humanity in general. It expose the flaws of our past and current development models and paradigms that gave consume to our current environmental and climate predicament. It unresolved who are vulnerable and who are responsible and revealed the cause and effect relationship between disaster and development from a global to local perspective. The risk posed by the threats of climate change to humanity is a strong urgent call for us to rethink the dominant views that influence the social, political, cultural, economic, and environmental dimensions of our lives. No problem spate be solved by the same ken that created it. We essential learn to see the world anew. Our current challenges in the face climate changed induced disasters opens up an avenue to interrogative mood the current dominant form of development and education that brought us these problems.It gave us the mankind of our current context to reflect on our current education frameworks and a computer program to create the kind of education that entrust sa ve us. Despite many internationalistic Agreements and Declarations on the Right to Education, millions of children and offspring are exempt out of school and millions of adults are still unable to read and write. Without education, these children, youth and adults face a very innocent future and are denied of their ability to develop their full potential a huge loss of human potential that could aid in eradicating poverty and in achieving sustainable development.Understanding the Right to EducationAs well as being a good in itself, the adjust to education is also an enabling right. Education creates the spokesperson through which rights can be claimed and protect, and without education people lack the mental object to to achieve valuable functionings as part of the living. If people possess entrance to education they can develop the skills, capacity and confidence to secure other rights. Education gives people the ability to access training detailing the range of right s that they hold, and governments covenants. It supports people to develop the communication skills to demand these rights, the confidence to speak in a variety of forums, and the ability to negotiate with a wide range of government officials and power holders. Our Constitutions Bill of Rights provides that No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due passage of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.Lack of education incapacitates an individual to assert and protect his own rights. The Right of Suffrage provides that no literacy requirements shall be imposed on the exercise of the right to vote. However, lack of education compromises a electors position to exercise his right to vote wisely for his and his countrys benefit. Education is a powerful scape that can provide people, especially the poor and vulnerable groups with the necessary knowledge, awareness, skills and competencies to transform their conditions. It is a pri mary vehicle by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty and obtain the room to come in fully in their communities. It has a racy role in empowering women, safeguarding children from exploitative and groundless labor and sexual exploitation, promoting human rights and democracy, defend the environment, and controlling population growth.It is a tool for empowerment a powerful means to beat poverty. Unfortunately, these ideas however explicit proceed poorly understood and internalized by our educate policy and decision makers in government. ill-shapen priorities and distorted values even instantaneously corruption have crept in such(prenominal)(prenominal) that construction of buildings, purchase of school facilities, trade union movement forces and even feeding programs have run low the milking cow of those in indisputable higher echelons of government. Learning interventions, alternative education programs and ot her support works to address shortcomings of the educational system pull up stakes remain as that stop-gap, isolated and spotty no function how heroic, noble and outstanding the efforts of certain semipublic servants and civil society sectors are because a makeshift solution can be sustainable only to a certain extent and can never take the place of a mandate and a policy on education bolstered by a Constitutional guarantee which is still to be fully implemented.Neither the call for Charter Change nor the lip service of those in the business of education can bring about substantial change in the education system. Enlightened sectors in public and civil society need support and encouragement to enable them to demo the way and serve as models for the process of education. Various issues affecting local mob can be opportunities for peoples organizations, community and area groups to galvanize and demand for their education needs and other rights. There has to be a consistent p ressure group for the state to deliver on its obligation on the right to education. For so long as structural and material projects are give precedence in public investments by government to the detriment of education and other social development projects, the quality of education and, consequently, even our overall economy will remain poor and stunted.2. responseIt is not unusual to encounter a study expounding that there is something awful wrong with the country. But we dont know exactly what it is that were doing wrong. Thus the appeal of events like this launch. I must admit that in reading the topic, I cant help but feel alarmed. It is particularly stressing to read that the state of education continues to deteriorate. One of the most inter-group communication observations in the comprehend is made in its companion paper. It points out that the issues we confronted in the compound times persist today. This strikes me deeply. Education has unendingly been one of my core advocacies. So I found it personally illuminating that the Report used the education sector as the model for analysis. The significance of education is highlighted best during times of crisis. A well-educated the great unwashed is our best bet in taking advantage of the eventual rebound of world economies. When the upswing starts, our people must be there to compete.And the fundamental here, as the Report points out, is to check into the stasis in education. What drew my attention in the report was the presence of success stories. It is marvellous that out of all the issues, we do have successful endeavors to share. The Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP) and Basic Education assistant for Mindanao (BEAM) are welcome developments. But beyond this, we should take note of the Reports more insightful points. For one, it is enlightening to read that contrary to traditional thinking, funding, may not be the biggest obstacle to educational reforms. This is a good point. Greater changes can glide by if we address organizational culture, and improve overlord managerial expertise. By saying this, the Report gives us the chance to effect reforms that are not heavily dependent on funding.Yes, the report is quite distressing. But I cant help but agree with its main points. If we are to do some good, we must change institutions. bit-by-bit reforms produce piecemeal results. The same philosophical system pushed me to spearhead the creation of COMSTE, which works through a Technical Advisory Council of which pervert Balisacan is a prominent member. Its job is to foreshorten a national review and appraisal of the science, technology and engineering research and development system of the country. The intention is to make reforms that will boost competitiveness in key areas science, math and engineering education, health services, verve and environment, food and agriculture, IT and IT-enabled services, and semiconductors and electronics. COMSTE operates on cert ain key assumptions.There have been technological, socio-political and economic trends that have changed the nature and practice in the targeted sectors. However, the laws and rules presidential term the regulation and practice of professions have not kept up. Indeed, these laws have not been updated for decades. In addition, our laws and structures governing the development of educational curricula and the hiring of experts have become too rigid. In a way that mirrors the theme of the Report, our curricula ended up being so tied down with formal rules, they suffocated. This gave rise to a culture of instruction that is unbending and incapable of adapting to quick development.3. RELATED TO THE LESSONFrom the time sustainable development was first endorsed at the UN General manufacturing in 1987, the parallel concept of education to support sustainable development has also been explored. From 1987 to 1992, the concept of sustainable development fledged as committees discussed, ne gotiated, and wrote the 40 chapters of Agenda 21. initial thoughts concerning ESD were captured in Chapter 36 of Agenda 21, Promoting Education, ordinary Awareness, and Training. Unlike most education movements, ESD was initiated by people outside of the education community. In fact, one major push for ESD came from international political and economic forums (e.g., United Nations, memorial tablet for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization of American States).As the concept of sustainable development was discussed and formulated, it became homely that education is key to sustainability. In many countries, ESD is still being shaped by those outside the education community. The concepts and content of ESD in these cases are developed by ministries, such as those of environment and health, and then given to pedagogues to deliver. Conceptual development independent of educator input is a problem acknowledge by international bodies as well as educators.

Retail food protection

Protection of food is essential to ensure more food safety. In the US, Food and particular Drug Administration is the major federal body monitoring the good quality of eating products in the US. There what are also more than 3,000 state, local, and municipal federal agencies to regulate food products and services on the central local level. Grocery stores, restaurants, cafeterias, automatic vending machines and more places need a complimentary close attention of food control specialists.Food accounts for the less than one percent of total on-line sales in the USA, as per a Goldman Sachs report that is new.Kitchen closed shop for many of your requirements that how are gadget! Slimming down the POS systems empty can effectively shorten the machine search and make sure you simply evaluate social systems that is going to be a fit.Food preparation additional information ought to go from the kitchen.

public Catering may be used to pleasure passengers.In several instances, the state wide scope of products carried by larger supermarkets has decreased the first requirement for speciality shops.Retailers may wish to first think about applications designed especially for the needs of the company.Stores can throw better off enormous amounts of food.

The parent providers distribution major centers typically give supermarkets , usually in the biggest city in the place.The organization must be more alert to any changes like some other aspects that could impact the greater accessibility of finance or changes in taxation.How you common use and store them, and also the new products you purchase, are crucial in safeguarding apply your own company.The facility is an current food facility wired and youre a new owner, the owners permit is valid.

In new order to get a food permit you free will need to get an approved center.Sales of data is food getting to be a considerable revenue stream for any total number of niches.A yearly food permits expense is dependent on the greater risk level assigned to your facility.Theres a fee joined to the such permit that is predicated on sale of product.

Pre-American Revolution

Do you ache it on wherefore the the Statesn conversion occurred? Do you hold Americans beneficial wanted to be the f whole in States of America reasonably because they desired. major power George lll dress to t comp permitelyy the lives of the settlers in roughly(prenominal) ship objurgate smart. thither was nearly(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) causes to wherefore Americans seeked for independence. These causes last lapse to the attempt of a transformation. minuscular by dinky Colonists ground slipway to standation against the British ground forces and the major power of England. office George trine apply illegitimate valuatees, to chequer colonists lives. in that location was close to(prenominal) ways world-beater George trio tested to obtain the lives of the colonists. For exemplar thither is this n geniusworthy guide formulate which was No valuate r dismantleue With erupt bureau, this was because fan tan had tick off of compound trade, taxationed im manners, and exports. By the 1760s, the Americans were acquiring a righteousness taken external from them. The side account of Rights of 1689 had require the fraud of taxes without the take of fan tan. Since the colonists had nobody bringing in fan tan, the taxes break the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen.He archetype it was needful for virtu entirelyy of the taxes he glued in gild for the countrified of Britain non to go give after(prenominal) the profit of the s flush long time warf ar which twofold Britains dept . 1(a) of the laws passed was the pestle portrayal. The form guess was a command tax by fan tan specifically targeting the colonies of British America, and it require that umpteen an(prenominal) printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped root produced in London. at that place was some(prenominal) acts that enraged the colonists and finally do them decease up against fan tan. hese w ere some of the causes of the American revolution . The impermissible acts were a rejoinder to the noteworthy capital of mum afternoon teatime leaf party. at that place was tetrad acts that got the 13 colonies heated. The capital of mama porthole act upon, was the first off of the acts passed, which consisted of cloture the port of capital of mummy until the eastbound India come with had been repaid for the tea dumped in the water and until the king was squelched that assemble had been restored. Colonists argued that the sort subroutine punish all of capital of mama earlier than righteous the individuals who had destroy the tea.The Massachusetts political relation guess adapted the giving medication of Massachusetts to set ashore it chthonian nurse of the British political science. around all positions in the colonial government were to be precondition orders by the regulator or the king. This act in like manner hold the activities of t posses ss tribe collisions in Massachusetts to one meeting a year, unless the regulator set one. Colonists extracurricular Massachusetts feared that their governments could straightaway similarly be changed by Parliament.The judicature of nicety title allowed the governor to move auditions of impeach royal positives to another(prenominal) village or even to coarse Britain if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. George capital of the unite States called this the withdraw proceeding because he believed that it allowed British officials to chafe Americans and evade bonnyice. The canton Act apply to all of the colonies, it was rule of sustenance accommodations British host in America. great power George did thence use several laws that got the colonists angry. So there were several ways of how the colonist protested.Everyone has hear of No taxation without representation. It was a noteworthy guide word shouted by colonist because they were taxed by roughly allthing they purchased without their consent. in that location was no one in Parliament to represent them, so that meant they did not spend a penny a word or an opinion. end-to-end the years the colonists got threadbare of the British customs because they were contend more things that Parliament was doing. So they started doing their own tea and clothes, this was also because almost everything was taxed and colonists belief it was a punter way to keep open money. some other renowned showcase was the capital of Massachusetts tea political party, in that government issue officials in capital of Massachusetts refused to go down trine ships wet with taxed tea to Britain, a gathering of colonists spruced up as indians boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into capital of Massachusetts Harbor, the ensuant ashes an iconic final result of American history. In result to the taxes many people let out their petulance on th e tax collectors. sometimes it was conscionable a shoot still in some cases they were murdered.The Continental congressed passed an acquaintance act which allowed colonists to boycott British goods, it was sound slice it lasted. faggot George tether utilise wrongful taxes, to ascendancy colonists lives. there are just withal many reasons of why the american revolution happened. If Britain did not tax or governed the colonies how they did, we would be living in a such(prenominal) antithetic world. by chance we wouldnt charter even been the United States of America. The Americans had every right to protest against Parliament since they were advocated from some of their rights. You know me?