Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Essay

federal official National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FREDDIE MAC) and the Housing Crisis - Essay ExampleIt al imprinted for banks charging low mortgage concern rates to encourage anyone interested in buying a home. It led to the creating a secondary market for mortgages. In this market, companies like Fannie Mae borrowed money from foreign markets at minimal interest rates since they were financially back up by the US Government. This enabled Fannie Mae to give fixed rate mortgage that give birth a very low deposit to any home buyer.Fannie Mae monopolized the secondary market for the first thirty years after its inception. In 1968, the Vietnam War created great fiscal pressure. This led to Fannie Maes privatization and its removal from the national budget by hot seat Johnson. This is when it started to operate as a Government Supported Enterprise, GSE. It made profits for its shareholders and at the same season enjoyed being exe mpted from tax and oversight, despite being backed by the government. To prevent any further monopoly, some other Government Supported Enterprise was formed in 1970. It was known as Freddie Mac. These two companies currently ascendence a 90 per cent of the national secondary mortgage market.GSEs have experienced great maturement financially over the years. Their combined asset base is currently at 45 per cent much than those of the biggest bank in the country. However, their combined debt equals 46 per cent of the present national debts. This high growth as well as over-leveraging has caused concerns in the Congress, the SEC and the evaluator Department regarding their financial practices.Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae happen to be the only corporations in the Fortune 500 league that do dot abide by the emergency to furnish the public about any difficulties in finances they undergo. In case they collapse, the taxpayers will have to foot the multi-billion dollar outstanding debt. A recent probe into Freddie Mac by the SEC and the Justice Department discovered accounting errors to the tune

New Product Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

parvenu harvest reading - Essay ExampleThe timeliness and precision associated with digital processes makes them the foremost choice for incorporation. digital products are a step ahead of physically digitized products. These are products that are intangible and are open for use and transfer over the digital domain only. A perfect example of digitized products is Mobile operation Software which is more commonly referred to as a Mobile App. A digital product much(prenominal) as a Mobile App is a software that is either available as freeware or as a paid product. In the digitized world of today a Mobile App is a handy puppet that is installed on the smartphone of the beholder. This software application program or Mobile App is a complete tool that does three-fold things for its exploiter. In accordance with the book of instructions embedded into a mobile app the software performs multiple handy or fun filled tasks. For example, a Forex converter app is very handy for an indiv idual working in the bear market. In line with the most current prevalent Forex rates the app can make all the infallible conversions for you if the requirements are dictated to it. Similarly a requester reminder app would not only remind you of the prayer times for your designated prayers but it would also provide you with responses to different religious queries that you may have. A Cooing app would become the Chefs best mate for it may narrate to each one and every detail about an ingredient and may also suggest the use of it in preferable recipes. Thus, a digital product is a on the whole different product when compared to its physical counterpart. It survives in a digital domain only and has no behavior in the tangible world of physical products. NPD for a DIGITAL PRODUCT The New Product Development processing for a digital product has a lot of user input involved in it. Basically the making of a digital product is all about its usability. The life of digital products is subordinate immensely upon the way users need it and intend to make use of it. In fact each digital product is designed in line with the user requirements only. This implies that the main input for the new project tuition (NPD) for a Digital Product comes mainly from the prospective user itself. A set of prospective users of the digital product to be is chalked out in the initial stage of NPD. It is then then the way each of the possible users/ audiences would interact with the digital product is chalked out separately into each singled out scenario. Each of the scenarios is a complete set of execution of instructions that need to be embedded within the Digital Product to be. Once the list of processes that needs to be incorporated in the software of the digital product has been finalized the coordinate is then implemented in a favorable programming language. A final set of instructions governing the Digital Product then forms the backend of a polished fine user friendly calcul ate end based digital product. The NPD of a digital product is signified by another attribute which does not exist with the NPD of Physical Products. A digital product is often launched in two stages. ab initio a test form termed as Beta form is released into the open market. The feedback that the Beta form of the Digital product gets enables the designers of the digital product to enhance parts of the digital product in line with user requirements. NPD for a digital product which is web based involves taking input from the users directly

To what extent is deeper European integration in the national interest Essay

To what extent is deeper European integration in the national interest of Britain today - shew ExampleIn brief the different conceptions areHow does the term Europeanization differ from European integration This is a complex metaphysical debate without a definite answer. My personal opinion is that European integration focuses on the process f institution building and political integration at the European level more so whereas, the vocalise Europeanization is more all told encompassing and is used to analyse the dynamics f European integration, how it occurs and more significantly how it impacts on the domestic political science f member states. Some academics believe that the two definitions are reciprocal and the term Europeanization should be scrapped so as to avoid further conceptual confusion. (Smith 2003, 14-16)I think all the five definitions have some relevance in helping to conceptualise the term but I particularly think that an abbreviation f 1) and 2) are the two mo st important elements to help interpret the transformations currently taking place in the EU. Combined they provide a two way analysis top down and bottom up allowing us to examine the interplay between the EU system and the British polity which is said to be characterized by complex feedback loops. These loops reflect the complex interaction f global, European, national and sub-national processes. Similarly, I have conceptualised the Europeanization f UK politics as a two-way process with a slight emphasis on the downward source from EU to domestic structurea process whereby domestic politics becomes increasingly subjected to European political.This is a broad yet useful definition which can focus on the EU adequate part f the organisational logic or administrative practices f the UK government (Evetts 1998, 438-440 Knill, 2001) and it can also include the free rules, beliefs, paradigms, styles, ideologies and culture that infiltrate through to the member states. I will examin e the extent to which this process has occurred and discover at limiting factors such as globalisation and xenophobia.The domestic impact f European-level institutionsThe multitude f processes and mechanisms involved in EU development mean that member states are transformed differently crosswise domestic institutions and policy areas.Policy issuesThere has been increased interest in European policy effectuation over the course f the 1990s. Policy implementati

Murder and Memories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Murder and Memories - Essay ExampleThe death of adenosine deaminase and his intelligence have been a controversial issue. It is now up to the students, and researchers to make it up with a binding conclusion regarding the incident. This incident remains shrouded in mystery. Other authors say it was the pistol that went off accidentally1. Today, theories on what happened bathroom the thick walls of the mansions are still being developed. This paper examines the key happenings regarding this incident, with a major focus on sections such as Home, Tragedy, Blood Ties, Settings, Dramatis Personae, and Archives, to give a comprehensive conclusion about the Murder. Firstly lets take a look at the history that presented itself during this time. In the year 1901, the Redpaths were members of the elites who spoke in English. They lived in a Montreal Square mile that was immensely wealthy. This Square was an intimate and also closed confederacy of its own distinctive making. The Redpaths families used common social, educational, health, and religious institutions. Their children also fell victim of intermarriages. These families also shopped for products and also obtained, classic professional services, varying from health, legal and dental services to accounting services. It was mandatory for these professionals to have come from similar class and ethnic backgrounds. In the early 1880s, many jobs were created through funding of the Canadian Railway. In sectors such as education and health, a lot of efforts were fructify by the likes of Dr. Emily Stowe of Toronto. Stowe was the first licensed char doctor in the whole of Canada, and this offered more opportunities for Women. Canadians also passed legislation for protecting working women. They put minimal working age to ten years for boys and fourteen years for girls to protect the youth. The legislation also put working hours to a maximum of ten. In the year 1885, Canadians extended the franchise to married women to own petty(a) valued property. This franchise never applied to native and unmarried people. In 1887, Mc Donald became the Prime Minister. This was his ordinal term. During the early 1890s, Canadas industrial revolution came in full force. The Industry of Canada started booming especially some the corridor of Trans-continental rail. Ontarios industries that dealt in the iron, steel, tools, and farm implements were some of the leading companies. At this moment in time, forty percentage of Ontarians lived in the cities. Ontarios economy further booms due to the establishment of a new power support known as Niagara power house. Housing crisis emerged due to the urbanization that caused many people to flock the urban center of Toronto2. Increased employment caused increased child labor and also increased the level of school drop-outs. During the upstart first decade of 1900s, most industries relied upon electric power or self-generated steam power. In 1906, workers of the Hamilt on path railway erupted to Violence caused by their strike3. In 1909, Laurier won the Federal election for the fourth term. The Redpath Mystery is trounce captured in a website named the Great unsolved Mysteries in the Canadian History. Ada Maria and his son Jocelyn Clifford Redpath died on the 13th of June, the year 1901. It is also remarkably clear that their death resulted from gunshot wounds. The

Convergence in the Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Convergence in the Financial service - Essay Examplevertrading and aggressive positions taken by the trading and asset management entities of the fiscal roll up (FC), though accounting for only a segment of the FCs activities and revenues, tends to expose the entire group to noble risks that were not contemplated, particularly by the multitude of individual depositors and consumer loans clientele that are served by the financial mediation function of the group.In Europe, the regulatory instrument governing FCs is the Financial Conglomerate Directive, an act of the European sevens that commands the compliance of banks through the European Union. The Commission has continually conducted consultation sessions and surveys among any and all parties taking cheer in the activities of FCs, including the conglomerates themselves. The latest consultation effort elicited insightful and indepth responses from the various respondents, the result thereof foreground concerns about inequities b etween sectors in an FC that unduly cause competition for capital, confusion in legal structure, problems in the scope of supplementary supervision of unregulated entities, and absence of a level playing field.The first chapter of this harangue introduces the subject of research and the contextual background through which it should be viewed. The framework for discussion is also soon indicated, as well as the issues intended to be analyzed pursuant to the consultative document and feedback responses of the dissimilar subject institutions.Since the Great Depression in the U.S. and for eight years thereafter, the Glass-Steagall Act imposed the firewall between financial institutions involved in banking and those involved in non-banking financial services (Crockett, et al, 2003 Fein, 2001). However, in 1999 the Gramm-Leach-Biley Act was passed repealing Glass-Steagall and thus allowing firms to lease in both bank and non-bank function, due to increasingly persuasive evidence that l iberalizing the

Strategic Management of Chevron Corporation Case Study

strategic Management of Chevron Corporation - Case Study ExampleThe company has established an extensive friendly network. It takes seriously its role across the globe. It has a strong network of retail gas post which exist of Chevron, Texaco and Caltex. Its operations range from producing oil to manufacturing petrochemical. In countries where Chevron does business, it is a strong supporter of programs that support the community. It whole caboodle with local anesthetic and national governments and other organizations to provide basic human needs, education and career training, support for local businesses. It has a university partnership program which works with colleges and universities around the world to provide scholarships and grants to outstanding students. Chevron is support most countries diversify their economies by investing in all aspects of the energy industry. It aids countries gain ego reliance as it enables them produce commodities that they would otherwise impor t. It works closely with leaders in its operational countries to pack social infrastructure projects for funding such as schools, hospitals and electrical projects. The company works to add appreciate to businesses and communities around the globe. It supplies the countries with professional and versatile task forces through spreading knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship. Competitor abbreviation Chevron Company mainly faces competition from industries dealing with petroleum refining, manufacturing of chemicals, alternative power generation, gas stations and electrical utilities. Its main competitors are ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips, BP p.I.c. and Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. It has used strategic planning and bodied management to establish itself on top of the energy industry. Its E-business applications have greatly added to its measure of success. In the new globalized world, the success of companies will be measured by how well they have leveraged E-b usiness applications to beat competition (Thierauf & Hoctor, 2003). supplier analysis Chevron has developed some of the world

The Forties World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Forties world War II - Essay ExampleChurning process was going on in the States that altered the political equations. The economic and social measures introduced by electric chair Franklin D. Roosevelt brought about structural changes in the rescue and the political scenario of America, with massive buildup of infrastructure and fillip to the art and cultural fronts.On the different hand, deep mental fissures took concrete shape and administrative measures were taken to play along a watch on the ethnic groups belong to the enemy inelegant. Even though majority of them were citizens of America, the war situation rendered them suspect as a community. This created other area of dissention within the American society. Whether legally justified or not, American judicial system had no other option but to keep a close watch with some harsh measures, on the region of the population that was considered sym thoroughfareetic to the enemy. The entire nation was in turmoil. Labor gr oups and student unions were taking up the path of communist ideology. Marxist study groups were formed at many universities for teaching that ideology to professors and students. American administration began to develop the infrastructure on a massive scale and cultural renaissance was afforded priority to keep the people engaged in arts and culture and the Federal administration took responsibility to develop these areas. unionisation was recognized and regulated by law and this provided fillip to the workers movement. Most importantly, the Social security department Act was passed that ensured the welfare of the senior citizens on retirement. The Wealth Tax Act taxed the rich, brought new high revenues to the Government and a sense of relief amongst the poor that the Government is paying attention to their welfare.Japan was the enemy country and the people of Japanese origin were ordered to be interned by Executive Order No.9066 by the President Franklin D, Roosevelt issued

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises Essay

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with honorable Crises - Essay ExampleThe Belgian government ordered Coca-Cola to rec completely all its products, a move that was too witnessed in the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Coca-Cola at first underestimated the gravity of the matter, and took several days before correcting the situation or eventide going to the press about the issue. As a result of this delay, other people continued to behave from the contaminated products, which had been determined to be the result of a consignment of carbon dioxide that had been improperly processed. France also ac study about a hundred people had become ill after consuming coke, which led to all Coca-Cola products being banned from the country (Ferrell, Ferrell & Fraedrich ,2011) . The situation escalated and culminated in December the same year, when Belgium ordered Coca-Cola to halt a campaign it had launched to re-introduce its products in the country. Coca-Cola grocery store eminence in Europe reduce d significantly after this scandal, due to the incapability of the corporation to handle the fortunes professionally and with the seriousness they deserved. Coca-Cola was also accused of unfair disputation in the international arena especially in European countries. In 1999, Coca-Cola sought to expand its market in France by trying to purchase a beverage company. The government intervened and stopped Coca-Cola from acquiring the company, under the antitrust laws of the European Union. Other countries such as Italy also accused Coca-Cola of anticompetitive prices and won a case against the company on the same. Other companies such as Pepsi also accused Coca-Cola of victimisation discounts and refunds to get more than consumers, something that was against European laws. Allegations of racial discrimination also plagued the Coca-Cola Company in 1999, after about 1500 employees of African-American declination sued the company on grounds of racial discrimination. The employees compl ained that favoritism was evident, in terms of payment, performance analysis and promotion. These allegations caused a lot of unrest in the company, and Coca-Cola had to pay 193 million dollars to settle the case (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). Another case was in store for Coca-Cola, when it was accused of shipping more inventories to its supplies before a quarter was over, against business law. Afterwards, the company would count the shipments as sales, despite such goods remaining in the warehouses or being returned. These sales were then counted as revenue, thus creating the impression of a strong company, therefore, fooling investors who believed the inflated profits. Distributors of Coca-Cola products in the U.S sued the company in wee 2006, after the company started using delivery agents to supply its products to warehouses. This move according to the distributors was against antitrust laws, and Coca-Cola had to find a way to settle this dispute. In Colombia, accusations surface d between 2001 and 2004 that Coca-Cola had been intimidating its employees since 1989. Statistics showed that eight workers had died, 48 forced into hiding, and 65 issued with dying threats in the Colombian bottling plant. The workers union sought compensation for the affected families, although Coca-Cola maintains that these allegations were unfounded. In India, the Coca-Cola subsidiary was accused of using contaminated ground water to make soft drinks, resulting in excess levels of pesticides in these drinks. In addition to this,

Conference Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conference Assessment - Essay casingThe objective scheme for assessing a vocalizer at a conference will include a number of criteria. Based on the response, assessment pot be made as has been explained in the remand at end of this section. Some of the issues which can be considered are level of preparation of the speaker. Was he witting of the schedule for the conference Was he alert of the main issues which were organism discussed during the conference Did he have dry land knowledge of the subject being presented Did he know the key areas of concern and forecasts of discussion Was he aware of the main participants, their portfolios and the departments they were representing Did he prepare slides for the presentation Were they effective in communicating the point Did the speaker ca-ca the structure of the talk in advance and did it provide the participants a clear view of his goals, main points being covered and the key arguments set forth1 These issues will carry substanti al weight in the assessment. Then is the feel on goal setting. tout ensemble conference has a goal and the speaker has to conform to the same. Assessment can be done on whether the speaker had set appropriate goals and if these were adhered to.2An important ability of a speaker is effective communication. ... There is also a need to ensure that innovative techniques are employed for engaging people during the presentation.4 For this preparation of good slides to convey the point is important.5 Conferences are multi channel communication processes. Thus immerse personal communication ability of the speaker to drop a positive impact, convey point in effect and accepting another point of view once the logic had been explained are important for good speakers. Every speaker has to also be a good listener who can analyze a point quickly and understand the nuances without allowing the discussion to waver. The ability of the speaker to make an impact, to be taken seriously and make pe ople listen and engage in dialogue needs to be assessed. Conflict resolution during the concourse deliberations is also an important attribute which needs consideration.6 Provision of handouts and notes which are take away for analysis and canvass by the participants would be an important facet which earns additional points. Summarization of the presentation to include the rationalization of all points of views that emerged during the discussion will also be assessed. Finally the overall contribution of the speaker to the conference agenda has to be assessed which will be determined by a review of whether the speaker achieved the aims set for the conference. estimation SCHEMESer NoAssessment Criteria Outstanding5Good4Satisfactory3 intermediate2Poor11.Setting of goals and achievement2.Preparation including in depth study of subject.3. unveiling skills4.Presentation material including slides, charts etc.5.Hand outs and notes provided.6.Communication skills.7.Interpersonal

UK TV drama analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK TV drama analysis - Essay Examplet sight would however like to change the cards that they were dealt, or at least sit down and ca-ca an eraser and be able to edit their lives and lead that which they feel to be the best a life without struggle, unhinge or hardships. It is for this reason that the aim of this paper shall be to study the TV drama Misfits, and take a look at the way in which the characters react to life and the way in which they may be related pot real life experiences. Furthermore, the paper shall focus on the first two episodes of the serial publication for a more in depth and precise look into everything.The plot of the story follows the lives of 5 teens that ar caught for taking part in offences that have warranted them community service to the cut. These be Kelly Bailey, Curtis Donovan, Alisha Daniels, Simon Bellamy and Nathan Young. They are caught in a supernatural thunder storm that results in them gaining some supernatural abilities. The series was mea nt to follow the lives of the characters and mimic their characters in their behaviors so as to develop their powers. These powers are mean to focus on what the characters want from their lives but they are non able to get due to the decisions that they have made. However, not everything ends as they had wished. They are faced with decisions that are seen to follow them for the rest of their lives.These characters are drawn from the way in which teenagers and people in the world would complete to be given another chance so as to ensure that the view that society has of them is distinct from what they are inside in terms of their character. Taking Kelly Bailey, played by Lauren Socha, is a character that is judged and feared buy society for having a body that is said to be manly and brute. She wishes that people stop looking at her through the scope of her physique but rather through the view that she is someone else that is different she is not her skin or her body. In the storm , she gains the power of being able to talk and communicate

Outlining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Outlining - Essay ExampleTwin studies withstand shown that there is an interaction among environmental factors and heredity. The preliminary outcomes from the conducted twin studies imply that both genetic factors and socialization processes are essential in human schooling (ibid).This is the scientific and systematic study of the biological underpinnings of social behavior. Sociobiologists in essence gull the principles of natural selection of the natural scientist Charles Darwin to the investigation of the human social behavior. They infer that specific forms of behavior begin hereditarily connected to an organism if they play a significant role in is suitability to survive (Albrow, 1999).Individuals have diverse perceptions, sentiments, feelings and ideas about their identity and their attributes. However, these abilities of individuals to understand their position intrinsically and externally are not inborn. Sociologists reason that individuals establish their own descripti on, which is the egotism. Both sociologists and psychologists have expressed interests in the process of individuals development and adjustment of the self because of social interactions (ibid).Cooley promoted the belief that individuals learn who they are through interacting with others. The viewpoint of individuals on themselves then not but comes from direct reflection of their personal attributes, but also from their impression of how others identify them. Cooley referred to this process of self development as the looking-glass self which indicates that the self is the outcome of social interactions with other people (Schaefer, 1995).Georger Herbert Mead continued the tradition of sociological thinking of Cooley. He further explored the interactionist theory and the sociological understanding of the self. Mead formulated a useful vex of the process by which the self surfaces, defined by three discrete stages (Smelser, 1967).These are the

Court report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Court notify - Essay lawsuitThe court tries and decides appeals from lower courts on matters of public concern to settle legal contentions and uncertainties surrounding the questions presented before the bench. This report aims at exploring the Acts applicable the trial of an acc usaged depending on the crime committed. It outlines the activities regarding the relationship among the persons present in the court of justice during trial. It further explores the rights of the accused before conviction.During a court process, members of the public follow court proceedings from a public gallery to ensure the legal process open and transparent. Before accessing the gallery, those in attendance tolerate rigorous security checks to ensure safety during the court process. Upon arrival in the courtroom, I accessed a sway of cases being tried on that particular day. The trial elusive a defendant charges on two accounts. On the first account, the defendant was facing charges of the posses sion of marijuana. On the second account was the intent of vend and supply of the same. Under the UK drug act, possession and peddling of the drugs face penalties depending on the chassisification of the drug in question. Illegal drugs are categorized into different classes hard drugs like cocaine and heroin are downstairs class A and attract severe penalties. Marijuana and anabolic steroids are categorized under class B and attract lesser penalties compared to class A (UK Government, 2015). The drugs policy too stipulates different penalties for the intended use of the drugs. If an accused is arrested with large amounts of drugs and cash at the same time, he is charged for drug trafficking and distribution. That is a drab felony and can attract a life imprisonment sentence depending on the classification of the drug. The punishment also depends on factors such as geographical distribution of the substance. Considerations are applicable to defining whether minors were involved in trafficking

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing - Assignment ExampleBut if the person with a history of chemical colony is no longer engaging in medicine use, he is protected by ADA from profession discrimination, provided he has been in recovery long enough to have become stable. This means the employee is in a long term recovery programs with long term abstinence from drug use.In the case of the employee taking patients medication for self-use, the first step would be to establish whether the employee is addicted. Confronting the employee to admit that he diverted the drug for his suffer use is the next step. Firing the employee may not be the best option here. The Human Resources segment would place the employee on a medical leave of absence and help her report to a drug rehabilitation facility.On completion of the in-patient portion of the drug rehabilitation program, the Human Resources should then fire her on gross misconduct involving diversion of patients drugs. Under the Americans with Disability Act, drug a ddiction is considered a disability. But here he wont be qualified under ADA since he is engaged in the illegal use of drugs. The legal section will be able to own over from here and handle the case if the employee decides to sue the organization. That will, however, be a futile

Thornton's Strategic Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Thorntons strategic Choices - Essay Example18 References 21 (Words 4997) 1. Introduction The acknowledgement of successful strategies is a key contest for managers worldwide. Usually, the ability of managers to locate strategies that are able to respond to organizational needs is differentiated, according to the personal skills and perceptions. Also, all(prenominal) organizations external environment is likely to affect, more or less, the progress of strategies of the particular organization. In this context, the establishment of an effective strategic management framework can help an organization to increase its efficiencies and modify its market position. Kew and Stredwick (2005) note that three are the key elements of all strategic management frameworks the strategic analysis, the strategic choice and the strategic implementation (Kew and Stredwick 2005, p.205). The first of these elements, i.e. the strategic analysis addresses the following two issues which is the organizatio ns current position and where the organization wants to go (Kew and Stredwick 2005, p.205). At the next level, the strategic choice refers to the need for the identification of appropriate strategic options, as appropriate, for responding to the organizations needs, as they have been identified through the strategic analysis process (Kew and Stredwick 2005). ... In 2011, the firms employees were estimated to 4,205 (Thornton, follow website, investor relations 2012). The firms overthrow in 2011 was estimated to ?218.26m, slightly increased to the overthrow of 2010, which was estimated to ?214.55m (Thornton, company website, investor relations/ financial summary 2012). The firms performance during the last five years indicates that the organization has been able to face effectively the market challenges. Indeed, the turnover of the firm from 2007 up to 2011 has been changed, as presented in the table in assure 1 below. Turnover of Thornton from 2007 to 2011 2007 ?185.99m 2008 ?208 .12m 2009 ?214.80m 2010 ?214.55m 2011 ?218.26m Figure 1 - Turnover of Thornton from 2007 to 2011 (Source company website, investor relations/ financial summary 2012) According to the figures presented in Figure 1 below, the organization has managed to achieve a continuous growth. However, if reviewed more carefully, the organizations performance has not been meliorate the last five years. More specifically, the organizations profits have been significantly decreased in 2011, if compared to 2007, as also revealed through the table in Figure 2 below. Profits of Thornton from 2007 to 2011 2007 ?5.21m 2008 ?6.07m 2009 ?3.60m 2010 ?4.35m 2011 -?0.25m Figure 2 Profits (after tax) of Thornton from 2007 to 2011 (Source company website, investor relations/ financial summary 2012) At the same time, the number of the organizations employees has been decreased in 2011, as compared to 2010 in 2010 the firms employees were 4,377 while in 2011 they were reduced to 4,205 (Thornton, company websit e, investor relations 2012). Also, problems in regard to the alignment

International finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International finance - Assignment ExampleFurther, their customers in Thailand have committed themselves to obtain a fixed measure of Blades products hence ensuring that the sales volume is fixed and does non therefore fluctuate. Finally, the nation has a gamy potential of stabilizing in future hence promises high returns to the company due to the high growth potential in the whole of Asia.Due to the unpredicted genius of economical performances, the company should take the investment now and not wait until next year. Further, it volition to a greater extent expensive to take the investment by next year in case the Thailands economic conditions improve by next year due to the eminent appreciation of baht and the gain in value of the firms to be acquired. In addition, many of the Blades competitors shall have also moved to Thailand therefrom reducing the returns to the company. The company will therefore get more returns if the economic conditions subsided or will memorial tablet great losses in case the condition worsens.Blades should renew the contract with the Thai retailer so that it can increase its securities industry share and hence sales volume. This is because the retailer purchases a fixed amount of its products regardless of the economic condition. Renewing the product has a potential of increasing the companys market share while not renewing g it reduces its market share. Contract renewal will increase profit margins for the company because the retailer has already attracted and commands a substantial marketThe establishment of the subsidiary will be greatly supported by the government because it has a potential of providing employment opportunities in the country thereby increasing the living standards of the employees which in turn increases economic growth of the country as a

Contextual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contextual analysis - Essay ExampleIn other words, the postulate investigated how fast the public can be changed from a democratic ideological society to a controlling one in under rest the real effects strong fascist ideologies and their implications. Therefore, the film successful portray the gullibility of the citizen in following fascist ideologies blindingly to satisfy a certain ego, which results to cultivation of tyrannical regimes with code consequences and unstoppable force that goes beyond the intended limits. Jin (631) narrates the tale of Mr. Chiu and his bride while merry making, a staunch officeholder due to his power and authority finds it necessary to take on Chiu perhaps to irritate him, and cause a scene that would be blamed on Chiu. The policeman threw a bowl of tea to the couple, wetting their fit out upon which Chiu finds it necessary to complain. Though reminding the policeman that they had a duty to protect and keep law, the policeman takes this as a thre at and with a wave, he commands his young fellows to arrest Chiu, handcuff him, and even threatened him with pistol. Importantly, a press of people gathering around the scene did not raise any objection, though they were in the hotel which Chiu was existence acc employ of breaching law and order. The effects were that the young fellows decidedly arrested Chiu, handcuffed him just by order and took him to the headquarters. They even punched Chiu on the chest when he refused to cooperate. This excerpt from the book clearly illustrates the sentiments of fascism being illustrated in the film Die Welle. It is roughly the authority of a leader to use their influence in spreading an ideology that is unquestioned, but has to be acted upon, with the citizens embracing the same ideology blindly to play the game of their leader. Reiner in Die Welle is assigned to memorize the autocracy type of governance in a German school. To ensure the students understand what autocracy is every(prenom inal) about, Reiner decides to make students participate in a form of autocracy. Therefore, Reiner first assigns himself a name, which reflects power and control, and being the last-ditch leader who has to set the pace, with others to follow. In this case Reiner sets to play as a dictatorial demagogue and is go under to promote fascist ideas to his subjects. Similar to any fascist leaders, sign language is of utmost importance and Reiner has to conjoin one. Like the policeman whose wave of hand is powerful enough to cause his juniors to arrest Chin unquestionably (Jin, 631), Reiner designs his code of signs as standing up while speaking and raising their hands. The fundamental fictions of politics is the establishment of a people, an aggregation of human beings distinguishable from other aggregates of human beings and capable of being organized into a political unit an us that separates them from the them (Anonymous, 108). Similarly, the gestures and unique communication formula ted by Reiner such as standing up while talking, raising hand when talking or even waving are elements used to construct similar characteristics of a distinct group of people from the rest in the a society. They necessitate to understand one another as belonging to a group through their sign languages, which makes them to cite one another much easier from a crowd. These are the typical characteristics of a fascist regime. Moreover Reiner introduces a uniform of white shirts or skirts and black shorts,

Pre-assessment Stage Essay Example for Free

Pre-assessment Stage Es wordThe participants of the study are 40 second ramble Hispanic bookmans who are currently studying English as a second-language in one of their courses. These students lived at the Mexico-US border and are currently attending a small urban school district in the metropolitan Chicago area. Two instructors were selected from a list of teachers who were known to apply each method (Pasks and Landas) in teaching mathematics. Procedure Two classes of 20 students each were compared in a months period of time. The classes had 90 minutes of mathematics per day.The class applied Pasks Conversation Theory term the other applied Landas Algo-Heuristic Theory. The study included a pre-assessment and a final assessment stage. in the stolon-class honours degree place classes start, the students were first asked to fill out a form regarding their personal information. by and by which, each of the students were given an enquiry to assess their proficiency in Engli sh and knowledge in Mathematics. General Procedure For the first cardinal minutes of the first day, the teachers discussed addition and tax deduction of digits more than two.For the next thirty minutes, the teachers then showed some examples. so for the last thirty minutes, each student was asked to answer addition and subtraction equations on the board. For the next day, the first fifteen minutes were devoted in reviewing the topics discussed yesterday. Then after, for the next hour, the teachers discussed word problems in which addition and subtraction of digits more than three is applied. The last thirty minutes were devoted for board work. The third day was excessively allotted for reviewing word problems in the first thirty minutes.The Pask teacher paired up each student and then assigned a word problem to each pair. The students then answered the problems and discuss the roots to their partners. After which, a spokesperson for each pair went to the board and explain their solutions to the class. The class then discussed if the solution is valid and if not discuss why it is not. The Landa teacher also assigned a word problem to each student. However, in this class, the students were not paired up. Each answered the word problem according to the algorithm given by the teacher.The teacher then checked if each of the students answer is correct. If not, he returned the paper to the student and asked him or her to review his solution and correct it. Both classes were given a written exam on the fourth day applying what they nonplus learned for this lesson (addition and subtraction). The next day, both classes were given another chapter examination of ten various word problems. The examinations did not instruct as to which particular grammatical case of solution result be used. That is, the students are free to pack which strategy to use.This same procedure was used in discussing generation and division. After their examination on multiplication and di vision, the teachers devoted the whole session in discussing word problems in which all of the trading operations are applied. The first 45 minutes of the last day was devoted to discussing word problems in which all of the mathematical operations are involved. For the last 45 minutes, both classes were given a word problem to solve. Each teacher used the same procedure as they did in their previous lessons. Final Assessment StageAfter the discussions and examinations on multiplication and division, both classes were then given a final examination to assess what they pay back learned and understood in their class. The examination will consist of twenty word problems involving the mathematical operations discussed in their classes. These problems consisted of each type of problem discussed in Chapter 2. Again, the examinations did not instruct as to which particular type of solution will be used so that the students are free to choose which one they will utilize.The students were a lso free to ask their teachers for clarifications. After answering their examinations, the teachers were asked to fill out questionnaires regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the educational theories they practiced. The students were also interviewed postulation them what they have learned from their lessons aside from learning mathematical operations. The questionnaires contained open questions dealing with the strengths and weaknesses of their approach to allow respondents to say what is exactly on their minds.

How to Teach Someone Something Essay Example for Free

How to Teach Someone Something EssayIf I had the luck to teach someone something is would be how to play Black Ops 2. Black Ops 2 is a ch every(prenominal)enging play when you produce extinct playing the lame at first, but when you get used to it pretty candid and easy to master. What you need is a game system that the game would work on like joke station 3, Xbox 360, or a Wii.The first thing you need to do is turn on the game system you have and insert the Black Ops 2 game and go to the section where the game is wake and select the game. After you select the game you wait for the game to load, and once it loads you press the start button as it says, and it would be located in the center on the controller you are using. one time you have done that you want to play on companion mode because thats where they teach you all the controls.Second thing you wanna do is watch the story they tell you or you can skip it by pressing the X button if you are playing on playstation and if you are on the xbox it would be the A button. While you are in the game mode and you are going to start taking out your enemy targets to aim you want to press the Left trigger button and its on playstation 3 and on Xbox. The shooting button is the right trigger button. On the triggers it will say L1 and R1

Othello William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Othello William Shakespe ar Essay* William Shakespe atomic number 18 created unrivalled of his nearly storied plays Othello to investigate in an influential manner the unrelenting issues of racial discrimination and gender equility. Based on the tale Un Capitano Moro (The Moorish Captain) by Giovanni Cinthio, Othello was written during the epoch of 1603. Due to the actions of Othello, in the midst of a littler cast, there is an exploration of sexual jealousy, and thus this play has earned a title of a home(prenominal) tragedy. * In this, the final exam scene depicts how the tragic hero Othello acquiesces to his incur satisfactory blemish and reaches his cessation. The fore con adequate ending is cathartic for the listening to experience catharsis, as they experience a passionate feeling of trepidation and pity. Shakespeare shows how he is able to differentiate an individuals personality in the unchanging hi sequencerchy of his found of magnitude. * This was achieved wit h the Turkish intrusion in Cyprus where the Venetians fought purely for national identity. Intertwined in the play, the Machiavellian compositors case of Iago brings a certain rise to funny house and blurs tabu all the lines between appearance and reality.Saying this, by Shakespeares fierce use of language, the horny engaging final scene, brings back a certain order giving light to issues of justice, race and distaff in control and defining the central protagonist. Context * Written between 1601 and 1604, Othellos context is based virtually the eras of the Elizabethan and Jacobean epochs of English history. Between the two different periods, the Renaissance ideologies are greatly encompassed. These ideologies are that of a cultural movement occurring throughout Europe in the 14th to the 17th centuries.In the crux of this era, a deep consciousness of characters and issues in Othello may perhaps be attained from the initial actions of the play, existence set in one of the fore more or less cities of the Italian Renaissance. More everyplace, this period as well as brought with it the Protestant Reformation which was commenced by Martin Luther which viewed the refusal of medieval Christian values. The Protestant theology believed that Gods divine plan of rational and deterrent example logic was constant throughout society one which developed in the unchallengeable hierarchy.* The range of universe was the reason for such order whereby it relegate all beings to ones rightful place and purpose in the universe. To keep up such a harmony, people had to develop reason and grounds to rule their emotions. In difference to such strict array, the Renaissance also gave rise to Humanism. Pico Della Mirandola here declared that one could become as start as an animal or through intellect and imagination become equivalent to God, at to the lowest degree in understanding1, which I believe may have shaped Shakespeares traditional intellection in Othello.* T he selection of using a coloured tragic hero was in championship controversial, and advance more those Blackamoors in Shakespeares previous dramas were without a doubt wicked. This is exemplified through Aaron in Titus Andronicus where this drama exclaimed If one good deed in all my life I did, I do repent it to my in fair play soul(Act 5, jibe 3). Due to the conflict with Spain during the Elizabethan period, Blackamoors arrived in England and were reduced to servants or slaves. Therefore it is obvious that the reference of the era would have seen Othellos superior military position as a serve rebellion to lifelike order.* Nevertheless, although the importance of race in Othello, it is essential that the audience recognises that the play is created primarily for the concern with class and subordination rather than forceful racism. The historical and geographical setting also plays a major influence in bringing various amounts of symbolism to the play. Venice was seen as a locu s of Christian civilisation, rational order, culture and prosperity. It was also linked with poisoning as it was the birthplace of Niccolo Machiavelli.Moreover, the city was at the forefront of the battle, between the Christians and the Turks who were seen as malicious, cruel infidels. * The conflict was move to the island of Cyprus in 1570 which was a place isolated from civilisation and allied with Aphrodite, the goddess of rage- and thus deemed a place of wild infatuation. Therefore we grass see how this setting is able to show Othellos internal conflict and dichotomy of identities between the civilised and the barbaric, the Christian and the Pagan, the good and the evil at heart himself.Theme 1 Women * According to the time that the play was written in and the general hierarchy within Venetian society men hold all the power and women are considered to be of low intellect. Yet it is the women that speak the most sense throughout the play and it is also the women that are abl e to trust other characters in the play. apiece woman represents a different social level, Desdemona being the highest and Bianca being of the lowest. Each sexual relationship in the play provokes some jealousy between the couple.* Bianca does not appear in the play as more than as the other female characters yet her presence is key to the death of Desdemona as well as other play themes. Iago ofttimes refers to her as a prostitute, A house wife that by change her desires, Buys herself bread and clothes. She has fallen in love with Cassio, yet he does not speak of his returned affection for her due(p) to his desire for status, and her social standing would affect this dramatically. She is the jealous partner in this relationship and expresses this when Cassio produces Desdemonas handkerchief, which Iago has planted in Cassios room.* As Iagos wife and Desdemonas lady in waiting Emilia helps link Iagos plan. It was she whom supplied the Desdemonas handkerchief for Iago. This helps Iago distort Othellos views closely Desdemonas fidelity. It is interesting that she does not question Iago too much when she gives him the handkerchief, it could be considered that this illustrates female ability to trust in the play. However she also clay ignorant of the entire plot until the end, when her life comes to an abrupt ending, at the hand of her husband, Iago. She often failed to think before saying and performing some action.This, without much thought, uncovers her husbands plan, but she fails to consider the consequences for herself. This is very different to her husband, who seems to plan out every word in order to get the right response. It is spare that this is quite an unhappy marriage, made clearer through their dissimilar personalities. She has many honorable qualities such as her honesty in addition to her loyalty towards Desdemona. Iago does not treat her like his wife until he requires something this shows this marriage was purely one in order to gain sta tus among piers.* Throughout the play Desdemona is a symbol of naturalness and helplessness. However on first encounter with her she appears to be mature and quite perceptive of events around her. Iago often tells Othello that she is unfaithful. It seems that she refuses to accept what is happening. Her views are impartial. She has a tendency to be sympathetic towards other peoples situations, like Cassio. This also move on inspired Othellos jealousy when Iago pointed out they were speaking in privacy. She often pays attention to other peoples thoughts yet remains cynical if they differ to her own.She has a loyalty to her husbands in all aspects of life, whether it is mental or physical. If Desdemona had been an emotional head off then Iago would not have succeeded in his plan. This would have meant that she would not have lied to Othello about losing the handkerchief, which she did so as not to hurt his feelings. However Othello sees this as an attempt to deceive him and conceal the alleged truth about her affair with Cassio. Even her final words, indicate that she blames her death on herself, and not her jealous husband. * Othello was thusly a tragedy, in which out of the three women that are introduced, only one survived.Although the women were all rational in thought and trusting, their trust was often misplaced, in gentlemen like Iago. As well as this regardless of their intellect and contemplation of events around them (in some cases) this was not enough for them to rise up in society, as women had no opinion in the time of the play. Although Shakespeare undertook many modern day ideas, he did not do this for a modern day society, as it would not have allowed so many events to occur, and it would not have been considered virtual(prenominal) by the viewing public. Theme 2 Appearance vs Reality.* When we are able to see the hidden truth in the closing scene of Othello, the distinct battle between appearance and reality is concluded, giving a clear exp osure to the understanding of all the characters and issues of the play. Notably, productions of Othello during the Elizabethan epoch would have used a snow-clad actor as the protagonist, and masked their skin with black makeup. * This ultimately emphasises the immense difference between outer appearances and the internal reality, whereby the obvious dishonesty of the white Iago is juxtaposed with a fundamentally dignified black Othello.This is further promoted by the lines of the Duke in Act 1, who confirms that If virtue no delighted beauty lack/ Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. * Iago has the ability to clearly identity the fraud of appearances as also he is the most likely to lie, he gains a trust from all characters in the play which concludes as being smutty to Othello. Iago further says I am not what I am, as he is able to site on a fake honesty in society and only tells of his wickedness in monologue with the audience.* Thus wickedness allows Iago to affect the thinking of Othello and moreover creating a crude image that Cassio did topher, and so believing his obscure reasoning and logic and making Othello take this as the truth leading to his mordant endings. The soubriquet of Honest Iago is continually reiterated by Othello, Cassio and Desdemona hence it is cynically mocking those he wanted to deceive. Moreover, in the closing scene, the truth is slowly revealed as Iago is finally revealed as the villain who he is seen by the audience throughout the whole play.* Although, in the final resolution to never speak word, Shakespeare is able to cluck the message of the very mysterious and inevitable human nature which Iago represents.Actions made by Othello are depended on the characters ability to not see things. He is able to blame and prosecute Desdemona even though he never witnessed her so called unlawful act against him, and Emilia- although she does witness Othellos extreme anger and sadness over the loss of the handkerchief- she does not properly see what her husband has done to cause this. * Thus it is obvious to see how the importance of the philia imagery in the final scene as it helps to demonstrate a stuff realisation of the actual fatal truth.Once Othello has committed his own suicide, Iago is invited by Lodovico to Look on the tragic loading of this bed/ This is thy work. The object poisons sight, let it be hid. * Formerly, Iago poisoned Othello by pouring this pestilence into his ear. Conversely, it is as though Shakespeare is parodying the heroes need for ocular proof, as it ends as the eye which receives the poison with the man himself Othello being a part of the typical ending for a Shakespearean play, a horrific massacre.We then gain an understanding from the conclusiveness of death a certain reality and moral implication on issues of truth within the final scene. * Furthermore, it is only a given that Emilia protects Desdemona as the sweetest thing that ere did lift up eye, followed by Othel lo confirming his own wifes truthful innocence by declaring of her ask that This reflexion of thine will hurl my soul from heaven. Hence in the closing scene of the play, Shakespeare uses both ocular and auditory imagery to show the difference between appearance and reality and deepen our understanding of the character Othello.Theme 3 Order and Chaos * The final scene, due to Elizabethan context, brings to place the restitution of order which helps to reunite the characters with concerns they have detained throughout the play. All Shakespearean plays depict a hierarchic society to claim the cosmic laws of God. * A great amount of torment in the 17th century came from this Great Chain of Being, as a disturbance of this order possibly would force the world into great chaos, one which out does any of the kind. Othello is given two roles in this, one as the creator of chaos, and the other, the protector of order.Being held at high regard as the military general gave him the label o f a hero and defender of Venetian civilisation. * However, due to his race and colour, Othello also was seen to be threatening the white authority of the state. Much the same of the island of Cyprus, Othello was settled by Venice, and used, however never fully becomes a Venetian. * With social fears of miscegenation, Othellos position as an outlander was forced upon him, and hence by Brabantios repulsion at the harsh image of a black ram tupping your white ewe.Yet, like all Shakespearean plays, order is restored in the final scene. In this scene, Othello is able to re-establish himself as a heroic soldier through his suicide, by getting rid of the barbaric Turkish enemy. Through the uses of chaos and order, it represents the battle between Christians and Infidels. In the closing scene of Othello, Emilia reiterates play the disgorge/ and die in music. * This natural imagery says that it is possible that the laws of nature or religion are extremely brawny in society.This belief is further exemplified through the religious turmoil of the previous century, as Protestants were harshly persecuted under the rulings of Queen Mary I. * Thus, it is obvious how religious devotion kept world order. We can further link Othellos character to black magic and a pagan history through items such as the handkerchief, illustrating the disorder of the unknown to the Venetians. This is further linked with Christopher Marlowes, Doctor Faustus who is able to create a sense of disorder through his associations with the devil.Saying this, at the ending of Othello, Shakespeare verifies that chaos and disorder can assimilate the microcosm of an individual. * As Othello states Perdition catch my soul/ But I do love thee and when I love thee not/ Chaos is come again, we can see how he foreshadows an expression of self chaos at the loss of Desdemonas love. Next to the temptation scene of Act 3, we see how Othello succumbs to the green eyeball monster of pure jealously brought on throu gh Iagos evil mind games. * This extremely powerful human emotion releases the beast hidden in Othello.This can greatly be seen in the division of his language which has been his tool to command order throughout the whole play typical of his contextual authority. He cries Pish Noses, ears,/and lips. Ist possible? Confess-handkerchief O/devil , illustrating his confused mind and disorderly insecurity over Desdemonas fidelity. However, as the play closes, Shakespeare leads Othello back to person order. * In killing himself to die upon a kiss, Othello is able to seal his bond with his sweet and innocent wife, Desdemona and eventually dies in an act of love.Ultimately, the final scene of Othello, illustrates to the audience the utmost importance of the restoration of order, in terms of both social structure and the individual. Conclusion The final scene of Shakespeares Othello, offers us a sometimes erratic, emotion and foreseeable series of events. However this example of ending is e xtremely effective. It is in agreement with various traditional Aristotelian tragedies by the centering it involves an intense feeling of pity and fear for the audiences entertainment.Moreover, the exaggerated ending of the play brings intensity and incites the readers to look upon the nature of the characters in the various issues amongst the play. Mainly, in the final scene, we see the flaws of the tragic hero, the Machiavellian disposition of Iago, the way women are seen and positioned in Shakespearian context and lastly the necessity of order after the use of disorderly dimensions. Ultimately, the various emotions and thoughts put upon the audience in this final scene of the play Othello, helps promote and illustrate how it is one of Shakespeares most intriguing and controversial plays.

Social Behavior of the Silvered Leaf Monkey Essay Example for Free

affectionate deportment of the Silvered cockle tinker EssayAdult Silvered pagination rapscallion (Trachyphitecus sp. ) can be distinguished by having silver-tip fur, with swart face, a feature which is entirely different from the infants. Infants can be seen as a starling bright orange. However, in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) reddish adults excessively occur. Species Range Species of Silvered Leaf Monkeys can be found ranging from Indochina, Southern Burma, Southern Thailand, peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. group Size Species of Silvered Leaf Monkey are usually found in groups up to more or less ten. The average group size of Javan Langur is around seven individuals (V. Nijman, unpubl. data cited in Nijman and van Balen, 1998). found on Kool (1991) found that groups ranged in size from 6-21 individuals with one or two adult masculines in the group. Group sizes were find to be larger on Lombok Island, Indonesia, in secondary and monsoon forests than in tropical forests (Supriatna et al. , 1986). Foraging Behavior of Silvered Leaf Monkey Silvered Leaf Monkeys are observed feeding on new(a) leaf shoots or forest takingss in swampy areas, riverine forests and back-mangrove (Silvered Leaf Monkey. 2007). The feed of the Leaf Monkey consists of young leaves and leaf buds, including odorous and fleshy fruits ( secure and unripe), flowers, flower buds, and insect larvae (Kool, 1993). During sequences that fruits are unavailable or not in season, they extend the intake of young shoots/leaves. It was found out that half of the dietary intake for the subspecies T. auratus sondaicus consisted of protein- lively leaves (Kool, 1992, 1993). In improver to that, the leaves that, the Silver Leaf Monkey selects and prefers to eat consists of low-fiber contents which are easily digestible (Kool, 1992).Silver Leaf Monkey rarely eat mature leaves, they are observed to spent 20% of feeding time foraging on species of Moraceae. When the favored f ood are scares, their important food source are young leaves of the teak tree (Tectona grandis), (Kool, 1993, 1991). The midrib part of the leaf of teak tree are mostly pet to be eaten by the Silver leaf Monkey. Nutritional Value of Their Diets Part of their diet, are high protein rich leaves and leaves with low fiber-content which are easily digestible.According to Kool (1993) twenty seven to thirty seven percent of their diets was fruit in which fifteen to twenty seven percent consists of the diets of unripe fruit, and ten to twelve percent of the diet ripe fruit. These fruits that they consume consists of higher amount of condensed tannins, (which according to Goltenboth 1976 Davies, et al. , 1998 Kool, 1992, is useful in the diet because they may visit acidosis of the stomach by slowing down the rate of fermentation) and total phenolics. Part of the diet of the subpsecies T.auratus sondaicus are ripe fruits which was found causing acidosis in colobines, this is maybe the reaso n why colobines avoid eating this (Goltenboth, 1976 Kool, 1992). Some of the species in addition prefer eating fruits with seeds. Some of the important species of trees they prefer to consume are from Ficus sinulata, Ficis sumatrana and Vitex pinnata (Kool, 1993). Depending on what mental of fruits was in season especially during the month of July, August, September, January and February, the kind of food that different groups prefers, varies.Groups may feeds simultaneously having the same(p) food preference. Individuals may be observed eating while the others are traveling or resting. It was also observed that compared to other group of adults and sub-adults the male Silvered Leaf Monkey fed less frequently (Brotoisworo and Dirgavusa, 1991). traveling It was observed that the silvered leaf monkey (Javan langur) moves through the forest, quadrupedally (Rowe, 1996). Social Behavior The species of Javan langur are found aliveness in social groups of one or two adult males and some groups on Lombok islands are observed to have only one male.The males were observed to separate and travel solitarily or mixed with all-male groups. The male tends to maintain close proximity with other males the same is true with the females, who tend to maintain close proximity with other females. Aggressive behavior of adult females against one another of the same sex can be observed. Some females may tend to care infants which are not from them (Kool, 1991 Supriatna, etal. 1986 Bennett and Davies, 1994 Rowe, 1994 and Mengantara and Dirgayusa, 1994). Vocal CommunicationSilvered leaf Monkey produced a sound like ghek-ghok-ghek-ghok, which serves as their alarm call (Gumaya et al). Reproduction The species of silvered leaf monkey produces or gives birth to only one offspring at a time.References Bennett, E. L. and Davies, A. G. 1994. The Ecology of Asian Colobines. in Colobine Monkeys Their Ecology, demeanor and Evolution. eds. A. G. Davies and J. F. Oates. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. Brotoisworo, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1991. Ranging and Feeding Behavior of Presbytis cristata in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia.in Primatology Today. eds. A. Ehara, T. Kimura, O. Takenaka, and M. Iwamoto. Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam. Davies, A. G. , Bennett, E. L. , and Waterman, P. G. 1988. Food plectrum By Two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society. Vol. 34, 33-56. Djuwantoko. 1994. Habitat and Conservation of Ebony Leaf Monkey in Deciduous Forests (teak), in Central Java. (abstract) XVth intercourse of the International Primatological Society.Bali-Indonesia. Goltenboth, R. 1976. Non Human Primates (apes, monkeys and prosimians). in The Handbook of Zoo Medicine. (translation) eds. H-G. Klos and E. M. Lang. Van Nostrand Reinhold New York. Gurmaya, K. J. , Adiputra, I. M. W. , Saryatiman, A. B. , Danardono, S. N. , and Sibuea, T. T. H. 1994. A anterior Study on Ecology and Conservation of the Java Primates Kool, K. M. 1991. Behavioral Ecology of the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia (abstract) Primate Eye.Vol. 44, 19-20. Kool, K. M. 1992. Food Selection by the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Oecologia. Vol. 90, 527-533. Kool, K. M. 1993. The Diet and Feeding Behavior of the Slilver Leaf Monkey, (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology Vol. 14(5), 667-700. Mengantara, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1994. Social Behavior of lutung (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Pangandaran Nature Reserve. (abstract) XVth Congress of t

Internet Jurisdiction Essay Example for Free

Internet Jurisdiction EssayIn his article, Wolf (1999) explained how legal power may be acquired finished over persons who operate and use internet websites. By applying the rules enumerated in Wolfs article to a popular bit torrent search engine based in Sweden called thepiratebay. org, we see that no jurisdiction may be acquired over the users or the operators of the website because 1) there is a minimal level of internatural process among the users 2) the users and operators of the website do non engage in commercial activities and 3) the website does not provide contact details that would allow future disdain transactions to take place. Personal jurisdiction is an issue because it allows the court to prosecute any criminal activity that occurs because of the use of the website. It also allows the court to impose civil liabilities on any user operator who aptitude call for caused damage to a resident of place where the court exercises jurisdiction. In ordinary procedure , personal jurisdiction is acquired by either the arrest of the culprit in criminal cases or the service of summons on the defendant in civil cases.In special cases where culprits are not residents of the forum state, the court would necessitate to use this long-arm jurisdiction in order to punish those responsible for the illegal activity. The interactive-passive use test states that courts have to look into the nature of the transactions made by the users of the website. If the website allows users to have a two-way online communication which fosters an on-going business relationship, the court may acquire personal jurisdiction over the operators of the website.However, is the website merely provides info without any other interaction, the court may not exercise jurisdiction. The key question to be asked would be is the website operator doing business in the forum state? If yes, then the court has jurisdiction over the operator. ground on his analysis of Cybersell, Inc. v. Cyb ersell, Inc. , 130 F. 3d 414 (9th Cir. 1997), Wolf mentions that mere advertising is not enough to yield the court jurisdiction over the operators of the website.It has to be shown that the operators actually sold their products in the forum state. one time again, we see that actual business must be performed before the court can claim jurisdiction over the website operator. This is because it is only the act of engaging in actual business where the website operator is deemed to purposely utility of or submit himself to the jurisdiction of the forum state.

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Joseph Conrads intent of Darkness EssayWhen Marlow duologue of London being a down(p) place, the typography of nuance versus viciousness comes into play. Marlows aunt believes he is an emissary of unused, being direct into the darkness. Marlow sees this darkness through the placing of heads on poles, for a art object named Kurtz. All of this makes Marlow diversity his intragroup feelings of him ego, which relates to the theme of the journey of the inner self. Marlow talks of when the Romans runner came to Britain, and how they had surely brought near light into the somberness of London, and how one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. As Marlow tells of his voyage deeper into the unknown, his depicted object for self-control is tested.Kurtz seems to inhabit his each thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the inner self is seen again. There atomic number 18 certain patterns in Heart of Darkness one of these is the theme of terzettos. There ar three chapters, three women, three times Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three central characters and three views of Africa. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest, that the theme of colonialism has existed since the earliest times of human history. Colonialism is seen as one of the major themes in the book.When Marlow talks of London once being a dark place, the theme of civilization versus savagery comes into play. The book implies that civilizations atomic number 18 created by the setting of laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. London itself is seen as a emblem of enlightenment. We see this through Marlow and how he tells his crew that the Romans had brought a light into the darkness of Britain. Marlow and Kurtz are two antithetic examples of humanity.Kurtz represents what every man will become if left to his own desires, without aprotective, civilized society. Marlow represe nts the civilized person that has non been drawn back into savagery by his flavour of darkness. The book implies that every man has a heart of darkness that is usually drowned out by the light of civilization. However, when a man is removed from a civilized environment, the basic instinct of savagery must be unleashed. Savagery is linked to darkness, and in approximately parts of the book, we see Marlowas the light in this darkness.Marlows aunt believes he is an emissary of light, being sent into the darkness. Marlow sees the darkness through the placing of heads on poles, for a man named Kurtz. All of this makes Marlow change his inner feelings about himself, which relates to the theme of the journey of the inner self. Through Marlow, the book creates a voyage of self-disc all overy. All of Marlows experiences point to a change him. The thoughts about the people he meets, and their behavior, slowly begins to change.Marlows trip from Europe to the outer, then central station tes ts his capacity to discriminate between good and evil, since he witnesses actions which directly ask him for a moral judgment, such as brutal beating of the native worker. Marlows detailed account of what he sees, shows his compassion. Conrad suggests that those who are unable of controlling their unconscious mind office, run the risk of losing control the their heart of darkness.Marlow talks of when the Romans start-off came to Britain, and how they brought light into the somberness of London. He in addition tells them that one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. In Heart of Darkness, there is an perspicuous contrast between what is light and what is dark. Light seems to represent civilization, or the civilized side of humanity whilst dark represents the uncivilized or savage side of humanity. In this book, dark and light or black and white, defend the same usual connotations of good and evil.According to Christianity, inthe beginning, e verything was dark. The same thing applies to London before the Romans came. At the same time, Africa was considered dark, as most of it had not yet been discovered. However, as Marlows journey progresses, it appears that dark and light are used counter intuitively. Darkness refers to truth and light refers to falsehood. In Marlows interview with the Intended, the windows of the room, which are normally a source of light, are covered and let in little to no light at all, as in a mortuary. The cold and monumental whiteness of the fireplace adds to the deathlike atmosphere.This shows that Conrad had used dark and light inversely.We could assume that the dark could represent the unknown. As Marlow talks of his voyage deeper into this unknown, his capacity for self-control is tested. Kurtz seems to inhabit his every thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the self and the unconsciousness is seen again. Marlows story clearly implies that the kind of being men make for themselves, and for others, results from the character of individual behavior. Kurtz appears to be stuck inside Marlows head. Every thought is focused in this man he has never met. Kurtz wins control of men through fear. His power over the natives almost destroys Marlow. Kurtz is actually a victim of the managers murderous cruelty. It is possible that Kurtz might never have revealed his evil nature, had he not been tortured by the manager.Marlow struggles with himself, the person he thought he was turns out to be a nobody. Marlow sees the real person he is, and fears himself. After seeing the Kurtz, Marlow realizes how much like Kurtz he has become and regains control from his heart of darkness.There are patterns noticeable in this book. One of these is the theme of threes. There are three chapters, three times Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three women, three central characters and three views of Africa. The three stations are the inner station, the central stationand the outer station. These are symbolic of the stages in Marlows journey of self-discovery. The inner station is the first station he goes to. Here, he sees how the natives are treated, and gets a glimpse of the things he may have to verbalism in his future travels.He reaches the central station, and discovers that Kurtz may not be the man he first heard of. He was told that Kurtz was this wonderful man, who had plenty of power. Now, Marlow is beginning to see in his mind, someone that has followed his own ideas, and doesnt give care about anyone else. He struggles within himself to see if he is like this man. At first, he dismisses the idea that he could ever be thatkind of person, but soon after, he changes his opinion. The outer station is where Kurtz is finally reached.Conrad in like manner uses imperialism as a major theme in the book. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest over Britain, that the theme of imperialism has existed since early human histor y. As Marlow tells his story, a different narrator, who is also a member on the ship they are traveling on, sees the Roman invaders to be like the English conquerors. He expresses that they were both hunters for atomic number 79 and pursuers of fame. He does not understand that without the Roman invasion, Britain may have remained a dark country.Through Marlows recital of truth, pain, anxiety and the quest for complete knowledge, the major themes are revealed. Colonialism, the journey of the inner-self, the theme of threes, dark and light and civilization versus savagery. All of these themes lead to the understanding that Marlows voyage into the deepness of the Congo, is symbolic of the journey he had to take into the deepest side of himself. He successfully battled with his savage side, and came out a changed man. It just shows that no matter hoe arrant(a) something seems to be, there is always a heart of darkness deep within somewhere.

Belonging is a fluid notion Essay Example for Free

be is a fluid notion EssayOnes understanding of social identity is implemental in constructing a soul of individual identity. It is dependent on our circumstances in particular our interaction with others and our own perceptions in the midst of connection and disconnection. This persuasion base be explored finished a selection of famous poesys written by Emily Dickinson in the 1800s namely, The saddest noise, the tonicest noise, This is my letter to the world and I was hungry all the historic period. The 2010 pictorial matter sinister Swan, directed by Darren Aronofksy displays masterful renderling of film techniques to emphasize and illustrate the themes of grievous versus Evil, desire Perfection and Nature versus Nurture throughout the film. Belonging to one self is often the hardest challenge a person has to face, through its ability to both destroy and fulfill. Emily Dickinsons poems portray this struggle as she tries to understand the world slightly her whi le struggling to find herself. In Dickinsons poem The saddest noise, the sweetest noise we get a coup doeil of the paradox derived from the poem some the fine line between what is sweet and what is painful. The poem uses nature as a link to belonging through the description of the saddest noise, the sweetest noise of birds. The sound is used to consume the reader in the mindset that brings on a sense of both sadness and loss. The persona finds herself separated from those she loves and this is line of reasoninged with the happy, sweet song of the birds, echoed with the lines it makes us think. The saddest and sweetest noise is an explanation of the world around her but also the collocation of sweet and sad within herself. In a more contemporary society Nina draws her sense of self from the stereotypes of civilisation. contraband Swan directed by Darren Aronofsky is a psychological thriller portraying a production where the notable Swan Lake is performed. The briny character Nin a is generateed as grappling with her sanity, ultimatelycompelling the interview to contain the many prevalent key themes explored in the film such(prenominal) as Good Vs Evil and the hunting of perfection. Black Swan attempts to move responders into the mind of Nina, bringing them to feel and understand her struggle and pain. Aronofskys use of handheld tracking shots is effectively utilized to enhance and portray his key themes. The handheld tracking appears to curb Nina in many scenes throughout the photo making her vulnerable and entices the audience to feel that she is being sought-after(a) after. This technique makes it clear to the audience that Nina is trying to escape from the evil force that is gradually consuming her and pickings control of her life-time. This particular film technique assists in highlighting to the audience Aronofskys themes of mental mental unsoundness and the transformation from Good (symbolized by the White Swan) and Evil (symbolized by the Bla ck Swan). The erratic movement from the hand held camera highlights to the viewer that Nina is delusional, physically and mentally unstable, as the dark presence she is escaping from is fictitious.Dolly shots were also other film technique that Aronofsky utilized in the film to highlight his themes. The opening scene in the movie is Nina dreaming of herself dancing as the Swan Queen. This initial scene highlights her desire for perfection. Use of wench shots is straightforward in this scene as the camera tracks and focuses on the detailed movements of her feet, highlighting the movements required for success. There ar no faults in each small, agile step and this illustrates Ninas desire of perfection. The smooth nature of the dolly shot illustrates her fluidity as she dances. The theme of seeking perfection permeates Black Swan as the main drive for Ninas success and ultimate demise. There is a parallel to Dickinson, who looked for perfection and solace in nature but her inabil ity to connect with society became an insurmountable obstacle that she never overcome.Throughout Black Swan we see Ninas struggle to belong through her own perceptions. Her circumstance is dependent on her own achievements and dreams, not the interaction with others and the sense of belonging. This much like Emily Dickinson is a key idea highlighted in Dickinsons poem This is my letter to the worldThis poem depicts Dickinsons seclusion from the word at large. The poem delves into the perception made in Dickinsons clouded mind about the world around her. She depicts a distance from other, they never wrote to me. Immediately suggesting her perception of disconnection from world that never tried to understand her. She appears to be an isolated figure in the face of the world and her lack of connection with others is finally suggested in the subsist plea, judge tenderly of me. The addition of this plea to the final lines of the poem prescribes an immediate negative connotation from rea ders. Dickinson does not indicate a change in herself, however she is asking for the world to think with care about her and her place. This fragile and vulnerable poem is merely a concealment of the strength Dickinson withholds, much like that of Nina in Black Swan. Both these texts depict a clear perception of their disconnection with society but are however an understanding of their unique qualities.Black Swan is a film that challenges the audience, constantly blurring the lines between humanity and imagination, much like Dickinsons dense illustrationic poems. Duality is shown throughout the film with strong contrast between black and white. With purity in the color white is contrasted with the devil color black, depicting good and evil. As belonging to oneself is a struggle, Aronofksy clearly depicts this through Ninas battle to achieve the Black Swan, which essentially becomes her alter ego. This struggle comes from her inability to seduce and trick which, as an effect is exa ctly how the film makes the audience feel. The cinematography in the film is much like ballet tight and perfect however this sense begins to unwind as the movie moves to a close. A montage is used to capture fast shots that convert in angles and length so that the viewer loses any sense of what is occurring and becomes overwhelmed by the loud, fast music that mirrors the drive of the shots. This highlight to the viewer that Nina has lost control and no longer has the restraint and discipline that comes with ballet. Throughout the montage several snippets of the black swan contrasting with the white swan show clearly to the viewer the transformation and her change in behavior which reflects the expectations of her mother and deprived upbringing. The comparison between deprivation and hunger can be used as a clear link between Black Swan and Dickinsons poem I have been hungry allthe years. Dickinson uses an extended gastronomic metaphor to depict a fulfilling life chasing the purs uit and attainment of love. Her elegantly elaborated process of dining portrays this however the metaphor is merely a basic literary technique emphasizing the speakers estrangement from such fulfillment. Dickinson contrasts herself to the descriptive love feast with wine and ample bread to I had been hungry all the years. The extremity of hunger is coupled with the extended time period of years, to suggest her deprivation from the fulfillment of life from birth. Belonging to oneself stems from our own perceptions between connection and disconnection and both Dickinsons and Darren Aronofskys 2010 film Black Swan, portray this theory to a crystal clear extent.Ones understanding of social identity are instrumental in constructing a sense of individual identity. In conclusion both texts demonstrate the key idea that belonging to oneself comes from first an understanding of the world. Dickinsons isolation was a calculated choice, much like that of Nina. This close sprung from their ded ication to their arts and an understanding of the world outside their mind. It defines the idea that our perceptions of connection and disconnection are life-and-death in the discovery of oneself.

Catching Fire Essay Example for Free

Catching Fire EssayWithout hesitation, he reads, on the seventy fifth anniversary, as a reminder to the rebels that even the strongest of them cannot overcome the power the capitol, the male and female tributes bequeath be reaped from their be pool of victors.page.172, Catching fire. This is when Katniss finds out she has to go back into the argonna and the fight the other victors. Some of them will be enemies such as the victors from 1 and 2. Some will be picked off immediately or just walk around like the morphings. Others will be allies such as amiss(p) and volts or finnick. Finnick is an important character because he is brave, smart, and leal.Finnick is brave in the arena, because he fights of the attackers at the cornucopia with Katniss on page 269 and 270. He too swam Peeta to shore which is brave because he was unarmed and vulnerable to attack. Finnick has reached peeta know and is towing him back, oneness arm across his chest while the other propels them through t he water with easy strokes. P.273, Catching Fire.Finnick is also smart. In the arena on the beach he told them how to fish and find oysters on page 365. He also knew how to revive Peeta by giving him CPR on page 280. Under Finnicks advocate we spear fish and gather shellfish, even dive for oysters.p.365, Catching Fire.Finnick is also loyal. He may not seem loyal but he still loves Ann even after all the people in the capitol hit on him. He also closureed loyal to Katniss in the arena even when she did the opposite of everything he said. I see finnicks green eyes in the moonlight. I can see them as clear as day. Like a cats, with a strange reflective quality. Maybe because they are calendered with tears. No he says I cant carry them both. My arms arent working. Its true his arms are jerk uncontrollable at his sides. His hans are empty. Of his three tridents one is left and its in peetas hands. Im sorry mags . I cant do it.Finnick is a brave, smart and loyal teammate. He didnt kill Katniss, and saved peeta. He told them how to fish. He also let his mentor stay behind to be killed by the poison mist. He is a true asset to their team.

Beh 225 Assignment Diagnosis and Treatment Essay Example for Free

Beh 225 Assignment diagnosis and Treatment EssayAssignment Diagnosis and Treatment Beh 225 July 10, 2011 Assignment Diagnosis and Treatment According to the American Psychiatric Association, there is a fifteen percent prevalence of mental upsets in the United States. Bipolar dis night club, withal known as manic-depressive, is a mental ail. Symptoms of bipolar disorder include extreme highs and extreme lows with periods of normal mood in between. frenzied symptoms are being extremely active, talkative, distractible, unlimited hopes with no follow through, aggression, hostility, and violence.Depressive symptoms are feeling overwhelmed and worthless, passage of interest, insomnia, loss of concentration, and suicidal thoughts. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States. Roughly, 29,000 people redact suicide each year. Bipolar Disorder can create marital and occupational problems as rise as financial diswhitethorn. Mood disorders are thought to be ca appl y by nature and nurture. Biological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode are chemical imbalances in the brain, hormonal imbalances, and inherited traits. physiological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode include maladaptive cognitive distortions. The text defines this as an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and worthlessness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events. (Morris and Maisto,2005) Studies suggest that women are two to three times much believably to have a mood disorder than men. Being diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a lifelong and reoccurring illness. in that respect are different types of bipolar disorder.The symptoms of bipolar I are severe mood swings from manic to depressive that lasts at least seven days. Bipolar II occurs when mood swings are less manic, or hypomania, and shift endure to depressive. When ones symptoms are not deter mined to be either of these the disorder is called bipolar disorder not oppositewise specified. These symptoms are not as fierce as the I and II characterization. Cyclothymiacs is a mild form of bipolar disorder. These milder forms of symptoms continue to shift over the course of two or more years. When a person has four or more episodes a year they are referred to as a rapid cycler.Although the onset of this disorder normally occurs in the twenties and thirties some children are also diagnosed. Children are more likely to be diagnosed early if they have two parents with the disorder. The childs odds increase up to seventy-five percent in some cases. Many bipolar patients self saturate with drugs and alcohol. This action can trigger or prolong the symptoms. Bipolar disorder patients are at a higher risk for many diseases. These diseases include heart disease, diabetes, obesity, migraines, and thyroid disease. When one suspects they have bipolar disorder, a doctor needs to be cons ulted.The doctor will perform a physical examination, interview the patient, and order testing. There is no test for bipolar disorder but these tests will rule out other ailments. After reviewing all tests and lab reports a mental health evaluation will be preformed. Family invoice will be taken as well as interviewing the family of said patient. Bipolar patients tend to try out help in the depressive state rather than the manic state. This disorder is treated with medications and psychotherapies. Over the course of treatment, several(prenominal) medicines may be tested. The first choice of treatment is a mood stabilizer.The FDA approved lithium in the 70s for treatment of mania. In 1995, the FDA in treating mania approved depakote. Recently, the FDA in treating bipolar disorder approved an anticonvulsive medication. Anti convulsive medicines are lamictal, neurontin, topomax, and trileptal. Atypical antipsychotic, or second generation, medicines are also used occasionally. These m edicines are zyprexa, abilify, seroquel, risperdal, and geodon. These medications relieve sudden and severe mania symptoms. Anti depressants are used in treating the depressive slope of bipolar disorder.Prozac, paxil, Zoloft, and wellbutrin are all examples of anti depressants. Mild locating effectuate to medicines include headache, rashes, and heartburn. These side effects usually go away as one get used to taking the medicine. Serious side effects can occur, as with any medicine, such as tardive dyskinesia. This is uncontrollable muscle movement, usually around the mouth, that needs to be discussed with a doctor. In addition to medication, psychotherapy is recommended. These therapies include cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy, and social rhythm therapy.

Tetra Packs Essay Example for Free

Tetra Packs Essay exchange of milk,first in glass bottles,then in persuadeets ,then tetra pick outs and hawk machines indicates how all over the years the instrument of furtherance have changed. This is make so as to reduce be or improve the gracility by innovating the mode of packaging. For instance, tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of newspaper publisher and burn down be recycled. Similarly, elastic packets involve lesser cost and vending machines in itself have no packaging cost Selling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets ,then tetra packs and vending machines indicates how over the years the means of packaging have changed. This is do so as to reduce costs or improve the goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. For instance, tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Similarly, plastic packets involve lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging cost Selling of milk,fi rst in glass bottles,then in packets ,then tetra packs and vending machines indicates how over the years the means of packaging have changed.This is done so as to reduce costs or improve the goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. For instance, tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Similarly, plastic packets involve lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging costSelling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets ,then tetra packs and vending machines indicates how over the years the means of packaging have changed. This is done so as to reduce costs or improve the goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. For instance, tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Similarly, plastic packets involve lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging costSelling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets ,then tetra packs and vending machines indicates ho w over the years the means of packaging have changed. This is done so as to reduce costs or improve the goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. For instance, tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled.

Statistical Analysis on Crime Rate in Nigeria

Statistical Analysis on Crime stray in NigeriaCHAPTER TWO2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we be going to review about research playact which has been carry pop.Crime is ace of the continuous problems that bedevil the existence of mankind. Since forth early days, law-breaking had been a disturbing threat to his personality, plaza and lawful authority (Louis et al., 1981). Today, in the modern complex world, the situation is approximately high-pitchedly disturbing. Crime started in the primitive days as a simple and little nonionised issue, and ended today as very complex and organized. Therefore, the existence of iniquity and its problems dupe spanned the history of mankind. Nigeria has one of the alarming crime rates in the world (Uche, 2008 and Financial, 2011). Cases of armed robbery attacks, pickpockets, shoplifting and 419 feed increase due to increased indigence among population (Lagos, undated). In the year 2011, armed robbers killed at least 12 people and possi bly more in attacks on a bank and police station in North-Eastern Nigeria (Nossiter, 2011). However, Maritz (2010) has considered that image as merely exaggeration. He added that, as is the case with the rest of the world, Nigerias metropolitan atomic number 18as have more problems with crime than the rural beas. Most crimes are however, purely as a result of p overty. disdain the fact that, crime is inevitable in a society Durkheim (1933), various controlling and preventive measures had been taken, and are still being taken to shrivel the menace. However, crime control and prevention is still bedeviled by legion(predicate) complex problems. When an opportunity for crime is blocked, an offender has several alternative types of displacement (Gabor, 1978). However, the introduction of modern scientific and technical methods in crime prevention and control has proved to be effective. The application of multivariate statistics has do some contributions to many criminological exp lanations (Kpedekpo and Arya, 1981 and Printcom, 2003).Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is very useful in crime analysis because of its robustness in entropy reduction and in determining the over all in all criminality in a given geographical area. PCA is a info analysis tool that is usually employ to reduce the dimensionality (number of variable) of a large number of interrelated variables while retaining as much of the in ashesation (variation) as possible. The computing of PCA reduced to an eigenvalue eigen sender problem. It is performed either on a correlational statistics or a covariance matrix. If some group of measures constitutes the gain ground of the numerous variables, the researchers may wish to combine the score of the numerous variables into littler number of super variables to form the group of the measures (Jolliffe, 2002).This problem mostly happens in determining the relationship in the midst of socio-economic factors and crime incidences. PCA uses the co rrelation among the variables to have a small put up of dowerys that empirically summarised the correlation among the variables. In a study to examine the statistical relationship between crime and socio-economic status in Ottawa and Saskatoon, the PCA was employed to replace a set of variables with a smaller number of components, which are made up of inter-correlated variables representing as much of the original discipline set as possible (Exp, 2008). Principal component analysis rout out also be used to determine the overall criminality. When the foremost eigenvector show approximately equal loadings on all variables then the first PC measures the overall crime rate. In Printcom (2003) for 1997 US crime data, the overall crime rate was situated from the first PC ,and the same result was achieved by Hardle and Zdenek (2007) for the 1985 US crime data. The second PC which is taken as type of crime component has successively classified the seven crimes into violence and property crime. U usman et al (2012) carried out a research on An investigation on the Rate of crime in Sokoto Using Principal Component Analysis. From the results, three Principal Components was retained from seven, use the Scree plot and laden plot indicating that correlation exist between crimes against persons and crime against properties. Yan Fang (2011) use multivariate methods analysis of crime data in Los Angeles Communities and from the findings Principal Component Analysis was successfully applied into the data by extracting five PCs out of the 15 original variable, which implies a great dimensionality reduction. In addition, this 85% variance of the original dataset, thus he does non loss much information. Shehu el al (2009) research on analysis of crime data using leading component analysis A case study of Katsina State. The paper consists of the average octad major crimes reported to the Police for the period 2006-2008. The crime consist of robbery auto thieving, house and throw in breakings, theft, and grievous hurt and wounding, murder, rape, and assault. Correlation matrix and Principal Component analysis were developed to explain the correlation between the crimes and to determine the distribution of the crimes over the Local Government areas of the State.2.2 Classification of CrimeThe classification of crime differs from one country to a nonher. In the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation tabulates the annual crime data as Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). They classify violations of laws which derive from common law as part 1 (index) crimes in UCR data, further categorized as convulsive as property crimes. Part 1 violent crimes embarrass murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery while part 1 property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny/theft, and motor vehicle theft. All other crimes count as part II crimes (Wiki/Cr.2009).In Nigeria, the Police classification o f crime also depends on what law prescribed. In Nigeria Police Abstract of Statistics (NPACS), offences are categorized into four main categoriesi. Offences against persons includes manslaughter, murder and attempted murder, assault, rape, child stealing, grievous hurt and wounding, etc.ii. Offences against property includes armed robbery, house and store breakings, forgery, theft/stealing, etc.iii. Offences against lawful authority include forgery of contemporary notes, gambling, br apiece of peace, bribery and corruption, etc.iv. Offences against local act include traffic offences, liquor offences, etc.2.3 Causes of Crimes condemnable behaviour cannot be explained by a single factor, because human behaviour is a complex fundamental interaction between genetic, environmental, social psychological and cultural factor. Different types of crimes are being committed by disparate types of people, at different times, in different places, and under different circumstances (Danbazau, 200 7). Here we discuss some of the causes of crimeBiogenetic factors Criminologists are with the opinion that criminal activity is due to the effect of biologically caused or inherited factors (Pratt and Cullen, 2000). According to Lombrose (1911), a criminal is born, not made that criminals were the products of a genetic constitution unalike that found in the non-criminal population.Social and environmental factor (Sutherland, 1939) The environment is said to play significant role in determining criminal behaviour. Factors within the environment that mostly influence criminal behavior include poverty, employment, corruption, urbanization, family, moral decadence, poor education, technology, child abuse, drug trafficking and abuse, architectural or environmental design Oyebanji (1982) and Akpan (2002) have property the current crime problem in Nigeria to urbanisation, industrialisation and leave out of education. Kutigi (2008) has said that the factors of crime in Nigeria and povert y and ignorance which are at the same time the opinion of many Nigerians (Azaburke, 2007). In another dimension, according to Ayoola (2008), lack of integrity, transparency and accountability in the management of prevalent funds, especially at all levels of government have been identified as the factors responsible for the endemic corruption that has eaten deep into the fabric of the Nigerian society over the years.2.4 The Nigerian PoliceThe most important aspect of criminal evaluator system is the police. Criminal justice system can be defined as a procedure of processing the person incriminate of committing crime from arrest to the final disposal of the case (Danbazau, 2007). However, for the past three decades there have been honest dissatisfaction and public criticisms over the conduct of the police (Danbazau, 2007). Then, what are the causes of the police failure in preventing and controlling the crimes? So many factors can be attributed to the problem. There are the issue of inadequate manpower, equipment and professionalism (Danbazau, 2007), corruption (Al-Ghazali, 2004) and poor public perception on the Nigeria Police (Okeroko, 1993), which has consequently made the Nigerian Public unwilling to corporate with the police in crime prevention and control.2.5 Statistics of Crimes in NigeriaNigeria has one of the highest crime rates in the world. Murder oftentimes accompanies minor burglaries. Rich Nigerians live in high security compounds. Police in some states are empowered to shoot on sight violent criminals (Financial Times, 2009).In the 1980s, serious crime grew to nearly epidemic proportions, particularly in Lagos and other urbanized areas characterised by rapid growth and change, by stark economic unlikeness and deprivation, by social disorganisation, and by inadequate government service and law enforcement capabilities (Nigeria,1991).Annual crime rates fluctuated at around 200 per100,000 populations until the early 1960s and then steadily i ncreased to more than 300 per 100,000 by the mid-1970s. Available data from the 1980s indicated a continuing increase. Total reported crime rose from some 211,000 in 1981 to between 330,000 and 355,000 during 1984 85. The British High Commission in Lagos cited more than 3000 cases of forgeries annually (Nigeria, 1991).In the early 1990s, there was growing number of robberies from 1,937 in 1990 to 2,419 in 1996, and later the figure bloodd to 2,291 in 1999. Throughout the 1990s, assault and theft constituted the larger category of the crime. Generally, the crime data grow from 244,354 in 1991 to 289,156 in 1993 (Cleen,1993) and continued to decline from 241,091 in 1994 to 167,492 in 1999 (Cleen, 2003). The number of crime slightly declined to 162,039 in 2006, a reduction of 8 percent from 2005 (Cleen, 2006).2.6 Principal Component Analysis TheoriesHaving a large number of variables in a study makes it sticky to decipher patterns of association. Variables sometimes tend to repeat themselves. Repetition is a sign of multicolinearity of variables, meaning that the variables may be presenting some of the same information. Principal Components Analysis simplifies multivariate data in that it reduces the dimensionality of the data. It does so by using mainly the primary variables to explain the majority of the information translated by the data set. Analysis of a smaller number of variables always makes for a simpler process.Simply stated, in principal components analysis we take linear juntos of all of the original variables so that we may reduce the number of variables from p to m, where the number m of principal components is less than p. Further, the method allows us to take the principal components and use them to gain information about the entire data set via the correlation between the principal components and the original variables. Matrices of correlations or loadings matrices show which principal component each variable is most highly associated with . The first principal component is determined by the linear combination that has the highest variance. Variance measures the diffusion of the data.After the first principal component is obtained, we must determine whether or not it provides a sufficient amount of or all of the information displayed by the data set. If it does not provide adequate information, then the linear combination that displays the highest variance accounted for after the first principal components variation is removed is designated as the second principal component. This process goes on until an ample amount of information/variance is accounted for. Each principal component accounts for a dimension and the process continues only on the stay dimensions. Designating a dimension as a principal component often reveals information about correlations between remaining variables which at first was not readily available.The main objective of Principal Components Analysis is to position linear combinations , with the greatest variance. We want where is the covariance matrix, to be the maximum among all the normalized coefficient vectors i. This result is achieved by way of Lagrange Multipliers. pickings the partial derivative with respect to i of the Var(yi) (iTi 1), where is the Lagrange Multiplier results in the equationwhere i is not equal to the zero vector. From the above equations it can be easily verified that is a characteristic beginning of and i is equal to the variance of yi where 12 p are the characteristic roots. Note that they are positive. The characteristic vector corresponding to 1, the root that accounts for the maximum variance, is 1. The percentage of variance that any particular principal component accounts for can be calculated by dividing the variance of that component by the sum of all the variances, i.e.We use the high correlations between the principal components and the original variables to define which components we will utilize and which ones we will disca rd. One device that assists us in this decision process is a scree plot. Scree plots are graphs of the variance (eigenvalue) of each principal component in descending order. A point called an elbow is designated. Below this point is where the graph becomes moderately horizontal. Any principal components whose variances lie above this point are kept and the others are discarded. The original variables that are highly correlated with each principal component that is kept determine what the label of that particular component will be.