The value of the Sime Darby Brand

The value of the Sime Darby Brand Founded in 1910, now Sime Darby (Holding Company-Divers) is ranked at 9 in 50 most valuable brands in Malaysia. Sime Darby Berhad Malaysia is leading Oil and Gas Services is fully innovative and productive company leading in Malaysia. Sime Darby Berhad consists of several components of business units such as plantation, property, industrial, motors, energy and utilities and healthcare as well. The main vision of the company is we are building our tomorrows, today (www.simedarby.com). The Sime Darby in 1910 got the name from two European business partners by name; William Sime and Henry Darby. William Sime, a traveler and adventurer from Scotland, ventured to Malaysia when he was in his late 30s. Sime Darby Berhad is the largest conglomerate in Malaysia and one of the largest in Southeast Asia . Within its territory are more than 270 operating companies in 23 countries, while foreign operations in Hong Kong of which account for 25% of revenues, Singapore (14 %), and Australia (11%). The company generates 38 percent of its revenues domestically. Its broadly diversified activities include a wide range of industries, with the core businesses being plantations including oil palm and the companys original business, rubber, tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, property development, power generation, and engineering services. Natural rubber synthetic rubber was still being developed and had just been introduced to the country from Brazil. Sime and other entrepreneurs at the time recognized that the climate of Malaysias jungle region was similar to that of Brazils. Therefore, rubber could just as easily be grown in that country and sold not only in Malaysia but throughout Southeast Asia and the world. However, Sime Darby encountered opposition to its venture from locals, who were wary of outsiders coming in to operate a plantation in Malacca, in order to overcome this, Sime and Darby forged friendships with several members of the Chinese business community. The company expanded, becoming a manager for owners of other plantations and then moving into the trading end of the industry. Sime set up a branch office in Singapore in 1915 and shortly thereafter established a marketing office in London. Demand for rubber eventually outstripped Sime Darbys production capacity, and by the late 1920s the company found it necessary to clear more jungle. To do so, Sime Darby purchased Sarawak Trading Company in 1929. Sarawak (later renamed Tractors Malaysia) held the franchise for Caterpillar heavy earthmoving equipment. That important purchase signaled Sime Darbys expansion into the heavy equipment business, which would eventually become a major component of its expansive network. In 1936 the companys head office was relocated from Malacca to Singapore. Sime Darby made a fortune in the global rubber industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Growth in the industry began to fade, however, as natural rubber was gradually supplanted by synthetic rubber. Sales of natural rubber boomed during World War II as warring nations purchased all available supplies. The war, however, also led to significant advancements in synthetic rubber technology. A good deal of it was used to acquire other companies, thereby expanding Sime Darbys reach into several other industries. Much of Sime Darbys success during that period was attributable to its acquisition of the giant Seafield Estate in 1971 and the establishment of Consolidated Plantations Berhad that same year. Through Consolidated Plantations, which became the companys main plantation subsidiary, Sime Darby became a leading force in the regions thriving agricultural sector. In addition to growing the oil palms and cocoa, the company began processing the crops into finished products for sale throughout the world. As its sales and profits spiraled upward during the early and mid-1970s, Sime Darby became a shiny feather in Britains cap. To the surprise and chagrin of the British stockholders, however, the company was wrested from their control by the Malaysian government late in 1976. The intriguing events leading up to the takeover began in the early 1970s. During that time, Sime Darbys chief executive, Denis Pinder, began investing the companys cash in new subsidiaries throughout the world. The companys stock price soared as Sime Darbys sales spiraled upward. At the same time, some observers charged that Sime Darby was engaged in corrupt business practices (with critics coining the phrase Slime Darby). Allegations of corruption were confirmed in the eyes of some detractors when, in 1973, Darbys outside auditor was found stabbed to death in his bathtub. The Singapore police ruled the death a suicide, but Pinder still ended up in prison on misdemeanor charges. Pinders successor took up where he left off, investing in numerous ventures, most of which were located in Europe. Unfortunately, many of those investments quickly soured. Some Malaysians felt that Sime Darby was taking profits from its successful domestic operations and investing them unwisely overseas. So, in 1976 the Malaysian government trading office bought up Sime Darby shares on the London stock exchange. It effectively gained control of the company and installed a board made up mostly of Asians. Also in 1976, Asian and British board members were able to agree that Tun Tan Chen Locks son, Tun Tan Siew Sin, would be an acceptable replacement as chairman of Sime Darbys board. In 1978 Sime Darby was reincorporated in Malaysia as Sime Darby Berhad. Its headquarters was moved to Kuala Lumpur the following year. Staggering in the Early 1980s; Rebounding in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s Sime Darby jettisoned some of its poorly performing assets during the late 1970s and early 1980s under Locks leadership. But it also continued investing in new ventures. It purchased the tire-making operations of B.F. Goodrich Philippines in 1981, for example, and secured the franchise rights to sell Apple Computers in southeast Asia in 1982. The addition of B.F. Goodrich Philippines marked the companys entrance into the tire manufacturing sector; also in 1981 came the establishment of Sime Darby International Tire Company, which in 1988 was renamed Sime Darby Pilipinas, Inc. In 1984 the company purchased a large stake in a Malaysian real estate development company, United Estates Berhad, and used it to begin developing plantation lands. This company later was renamed Sime UEP Properties Berhad. In Malaysia, Sime Darby acquired the franchises for BMW, Ford, and Land Rover vehicles. By the early 1980s Sime Darbys push to diversify had given it a place in almost every industry, from agricultural and manufacturing to finance and real estate. Although it did diversify into heavy equipment, real estate, and insurance businesses, new management also plowed significant amounts of cash into the companys traditional commodity and plantation operations. Sime Darby became a favorite of investors looking for a safe bet. Indeed, the mammoth enterprise tended to minimize risks after the investment mistakes of the early 1970s and seemed content to operate as a slow-growth multinational behemoth that could withstand any market downturns. Even if something did go wrong, the company had a war chest of nearly a half billion U.S. dollars from which it could draw. Unfortunately, Sime Darbys staid strategy negatively impacted its bottom line. Sales dipped to M $2.78 billion in 1992 before plunging to M$2.17 billion in 1983. Sime Darby lumbered through the mid-1980s with annual sales of less than M$2.5 billion, and net income skidded from about M$100 million in the early 1980s to a low M$59 million in 1987. To turn things around, Sime Darbys board promoted Tunku Ahmad Yahaya to chief executive. Ahmad was a veteran of the companys executive ranks and was a favorite nephew of Malaysias first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman. Under Ahmads direction, the giant corporation began a slow turnaround. Significantly, Ahmad was instrumental in luring Tun Ismail to Sime Darbys board. Ismail was a highly influential central bank governor and the chairman of Sime Darbys biggest shareholder. Ismail became nonexecutive chairman of the company following the death of Tun Tan Siew Sin in 1988. During the late 1980s and early 1990s Ahmad invested much of Sime Darbys cash hoard into a bevy of new companies and ventures. Sime became a relatively big player in the global reinsurance business, for example, and tried to boost its activities related to heavy equipment and vehicle manufacturing. Most notably, Sime began pouring millions of dollars into property and tourism in key growth areas of Malaysia in an effort to get in on the development and tourism boom that began in that nation in the late 1980s. The success of that division prompted the company to invest as well in tourism overseas. Through its UEP subsidiary, for instance, Sime Darby bought a full-service resort with condominiums in Florida (Sandestin Resorts) and a hotel in Australia, among other enterprises. As the company dumped its cash into expansion and diversification, sales and profits bolted. Revenues climbed from M$2.53 billion in 1987 to M$4.98 billion in 1990 to M$6.20 billion in 1992. During the same perio d, net income soared from M$85 million to M$353 million. Sime Darby realized a stunning 65 percent average annual growth in earnings during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite its gains, though, critics charged that the company had concentrated too heavily on traditional commodity industries and had failed to move into the 1990s with the rest of Malaysia. In fact, Sime Darby continued to garner about 43 percent of its sales from commodity trading activities in 1993 and only 18 percent from manufacturing. The rest came from heavy equipment distribution, insurance, and its property/tourism holdings. Although building strength in those businesses had added to the companys sales and profits during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the strategy had caused Sime Darby to fall behind more progressive holding companies in the region that were participating in booming high-tech, gaming, brokering, and manufacturing sectors. Many company insiders believed that Sime Darby would have to eliminate its heavy reliance on commodity industries if it wante d to sustain long-term growth. The Crisis The companys stock price began to fall in 1993 and its rapid revenue and profit growth began to subside in comparison with late 1980s levels. In 1993 Ahmad stepped back from control of the company when he named Nik Mohamed Nik Yaacob to serve under him as chief executive. Among Mohameds first moves was to initiate the merger of the companys plantation assets, organized as Consolidated Plantations, and the parent company, The company also bolstered its regional insurance business in 1993 by joining forces with AXA of France for its insurance operations in Malaysia and Singapore. These efforts signaled an end to the companys historical emphasis on commodities and reflected Mohameds desires to increase activity in manufacturing, high-tech, financial services, and other fast-growth businesses and reduce Sime Darbys bureaucracy. The turn around after the crisis The company began increasing investments in businesses such as power generation, oil and gas, and heavy equipment exporting. In heavy equipment, Sime Darby bought the Australian distributor of Caterpillar equipment, Hastings Deering (Australia) Ltd., in 1993. In power generation, a key move came in 1994 when Sime Darby took a 40 percent interest in Port Dickson Power Sdn. Bhd., an independent power producer in Malaysia. That same year, the company acquired U.K.-based Lec Refrigeration plc, which was involved in the manufacturing, marketing, and servicing of refrigeration equipment and related products. At the same time, Mohamed worked to absorb the flurry of acquisitions conducted during the previous several years and streamline the company into some sort of cohesive whole. Despite restructuring activities, Sime Darby managed to boost sales to US$3.15 billion in 1994, about US$186 million of which was netted as income. In 1995 Sime Darby stepped up its acquisition drive through the purchase of a controlling 60.4 percent interest in United Malayan Banking Corporation from Datuk Keramat Holdings Berhad. The US$520 million purchase deepened the companys involvement in the countrys fast-growing financial services sector. United Malayan, which was the fourth largest bank in Malaysia in terms of assets, soon was reorganized as Sime Bank Berhad, with the companys brokerage arm becoming a subsidiary of Sime Bank under the name Sime Securities Sdn. Bhd. For the fiscal year ending in June 1997 Sime Darby posted record net income of M$835.8 million (US$322.9 million) on record revenues of M$13.24 billion (US$4.35 billion). Sime Bank and SimeSecurities played a key role in these stellar results (accounting for 30 percent of pretax earnings), but the eruption of the Asian financial crisis in July 1997 quickly proved that the acquisition of United Malayan had been ill-timed, if not also ill-advised. The severity of the crisis in Malaysia, which included a steep decline in the Malaysian stock market and a sharp depreciation of the ringgit (the nations currency), led Sime Bank to post the largest loss in Malaysian banking historyM$1.6 billion (US$431 million) for the six months to December 1997. In turn, Sime Darby posted its first loss in decades for the same six-month period, a loss of M$676.2 million ($172.7 million). With other Sime Darby units being hit hard by the crisis as well, the company posted the first full-year loss in its clo se to 90-year history in the 1998 fiscal year, a net loss of M$540.9 million (US$131 million). Subsequently ,it beat a hasty retreat from its aggressive expansion, determining that the prudent course would be a return to the companys core areas: plantations, property development, tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, and power generation. In June 1999 Sime Darby sold Sime Bank and its SimeSecurities subsidiary to Rashid Hussain, who merged it with RHB Bank to form the second largest commercial bank in Malaysia. During the 1999 fiscal year, the company also sold Sandestin Resorts for US$131 million. In 1999,it returned to the black with net earnings of M$821.8 million (US$216.3 million) on revenues of M$9.91 billion (US$2.61 billion). A further pull-back from the financial services sector came in March 2000 when Sime Darby sold its interest in Sime AXA, its insurance joint venture with AXA of France. Meantime, an area of growing interest was emerging at the turn of the millennium as Sime Darby increased its interest in Port Dickson Power to 60 percent, giving it majority control and turning Port Dickson into a company subsidiary. Flush with cash from the sale of its financial services units, Sime Darby appeared poised to make additional forays into the power generation sector. Given the near disaster of its aggressive moves into financial services, however, the company was likely to proceed with much caution in all of its future expansionary endeavors in a return to its traditional style of conservative management. Business activities: Plantation: Plantation is Sime Darby largest revenue generator with about 70% of the conglomerate profits come from this segment. The company operates palm oil and rubber plantations in Malaysia and Indonesian islands of Sumatera, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. With a land bank of over 633,000 hectares, including 300,000 hectares in Indonesia, it is one of the largest plantation company in the world. Property: The company is involved in the property development business in eight countries, namely Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Peoples Republic of China, Australia and United Kingdom. Industrial and Monitoring :The company is involved in the purchasing, leasing and selling of industrial equipment such as Caterpillar Inc. heavy duty trucks and tractors.. it has partnership with Ford, it sells Fords cars and trucks together with the Land Rover brand. It is also a major BMW dealer in Singapore, Australia and Thailand. In Southern China, the company sells BMW and Rolls-Royce. In addition, Sime Darby co-owns Inokom Corp Bhd, a joint-venture with Hyundai Motor Company which assembles and sells Hyundai vehicles in Malaysia. Energy Utilities: The company is an Oil and Gas services company which provides equipment for exploring oil and gas assets in the South East Asia region. The company is also an independent power provider in Malaysia and Thailand. The company also provides engineering services in the system integration and sales sectors, security and oil gas sectors. Healthcare: The company owns hospital named Sime Darby Medical Centre Subang Jaya Sdn. Bhd ,SDMC Formerly known as Subang Jaya Medical Centre, and college formerly known as SJMC Academy of Nursing and Health Sciences which was established in 1995 and now is known as Sime Darby Nursing and Health Sciences College. Other businesses: The company has a port utility company named Weifang Sime Darby Port Co Ltd. Other businesses that the company is involved in include healthcare, aerospace (divested from Asian Composites Manufacturing (ACM) in 2009), bedding, consumer and industrial products, logistics and packing.The company also owns the 30% of the Malaysian arm of Tesco stores. Sustainable Practices: Sime Darby plantations implemented Zero Burning Planting Techniques Techniques (ZBPT), a practical and environmentally sound technique of replanting, in 1989. The Board of director and audit committee profile: Company Profile Bhg Dato Mohd Bakke, was chosen on13th May 2010 as the new president and group chief executive (PGCE) and formerly group president/CEO of Felda Global ventures Holdings SDN Bhd, he has necessary experience in corporate restructuring exercises as well as in management expertise in the plantation. Dato Azhar Abdul Hamid, Chairman,board of Directors and Managing Director of Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. He is head of the Sime Darby Groups Plantation and Agri-business Division Aditheb Bisalbutr Chairman of Executive Committee (EXCOM) Member of Board of Directors Chairman of PTT Chemical International Pte. Ltd. (since October,2008)   Dr. Kongkrapan PhD. He is the group Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board and the Executive Committee of Emery Oleochemicals Group. chemical Haris Fadzilah Hassan Executive Committee Board of Directors ,Senior Vice President of Downstream Operations, Sime Darby Plantations Sdn Bhd    Puntip Oungpasuk is the member of board of directors oversees PTT Chemicals business strategy, business development, corporate planning, corporate strategy portfolio management, innovation technology, and international businesses.   Veerasak Kositpaisal :The President and CEO of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited. Also the Chairman the Plastic Industry Club of the Federation of Thai Industries Tn Hj. Khairudin Hashim :The Head, RD Centre for Sime Darby Plantation. He is also a Board Member of several of Sime Darby Plantations subsidiaries. Now, Panel Member of the Advisory Panel for RISDA College. Mustamir Mohamad (Alternative Director) Head, Strategy and Business Development Sime Darby expanded their operations in more than 20 countries throughout the Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle and Unites States. Sime Darby Berhad is one of the largest listed oil plantation groups. It has been estimated approximately near 6% of the total palm oil production in the world. The financial accounting standards of Sime Darby In Malaysia, a Sime Darby Berhad financial accounting standard is accordance to Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (The Sime Darby Group, 2005). The financial statements have been arranged in accordance with the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board approved accounting standards in Malaysia; comply with the Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) and the provisions of Companies the Act, 1965. The functions and powers of the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) as provided under the Act are to (MASB, 2010): issue new accounting standards as approved accounting standards and to review, revise or adopt existing accounting standards as approved accounting standards; issue statements of principles for financial reporting; sponsor or undertake development of possible accounting standards; conduct public consultation as necessary; develop a conceptual framework for the purpose of evaluating proposed accounting standards; make such changes to proposed accounting standards as considered necessary; seek the view of the FRF in relation to new and existing standards, statement of principles, and changes to proposed standards; determine scope and application of accounting standards; and to perform such other function as the Minister of Finance may prescribe Harmonization must begin with a standardization of the reporting requirements. In Sime Darby, (Sime Darby Berhad Annual Report, 2009), the accounting standards have been issued with regards to segment reporting. The accounting standards are based on; The Directors are required by the Companies Act, 1965 (Act) to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group and the Company at the end of the year and the results of the Group and the Company for the year. The Directors plays role in responsible in safeguard the assets of the Group and to prevent and detect fraud and other misdeed Malaysian necessities the Companies Act 1965 and on the standards of the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board. The Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) uses IAS 16-Property, Plant and Equipment, as the foundation for rising accounting standards. Convergence of accounting standards will be not achieved without significant cooperation between government and business community. The financial statements are presented in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) which is the companys functional and presentation currency. How can this company combine of  financial accounting standards between in its branches (Singapore and other countries) according to the existence accounting system In Singapore, Sime Darby Singapore Limited Is under US GAAP, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards. In United States, Sime Darby Plantation USA financial accounting standard was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the United States of America. The Securities and Exchange Commission The Securities and Exchange Commission is a U.S. regulatory agency that has the authority to establish accounting standards for publicly traded companies. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 require certain reports to be filed with the SEC. For example, Forms 10-Q and 10-K must be filed quarterly and annually, respectively. The head of the SEC is appointed by the President of the United States. When the SEC was formed there was no standards-issuing body. However, rather than set standards, the SEC encouraged the private sector to set them. The SEC has stated that FASB standards are considered to have authoritative support. The adoption of International Accounting Standards as Philippine generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In Philippines, Sime Darby Pilipinas Inc, the standards financial accounting was based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the Philippines as set forward in Philippine Financial Reporting Standards (PFRS). PFRS includes statements named PFRS and Philippine Accounting Standards (PAS), including interpretations by the Philippine Accounting Standards Council. These are the Companys first consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with PFRS. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are generally accepted because an authoritative body has set them or the accounting profession widely accepts them as appropriate. Prior to this, Philippine generally accepted accounting principles were based mainly on US-based accounting standards. According to Parker, (2010) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has four basic principles. The historical cost principle requires companies to account and report based on acquisition costs rather than fair market value for most assets and liabilities. The revenue recognition principle requires to record when revenue is realized or realizable and earned, not when cash is received. The way of accounting is called accrual basis accounting. The matching principle-Expenses have to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable doing so. The full disclosure principle-Amount and kinds of information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as larger amount of information costs more to prepare and use it. Information disclosed should be enough to make judgment while keeping costs reasonable. In Malaysia, refer to Nathan et al, (2000) Malaysia Standard Auditing is issued by Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) and the Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA) to harmonize the auditing practice. The authors mentioned that in order to harmonize the accounting standard practices, Malaysia has been implementing good standards by strengthening actual accounting and auditing practices. Nathan et al, (2000) also emphasized that to maintain the relationship between national standards and international standards and as well as maintain and improved the standards; the professional accounting bodies review the published accounting statements annually and Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) were set up to ensure that; the issuance of new standards as approved accounting standards the assessment, revision or implementation as accepted accounting standards existing accounting standards go aboard on a programme to review all extant accounting standards for consistency the latest developments in International Accounting Standards (IAS), legal and regulatory reporting requirements evaluate the practical practice of International Accounting Standards (IAS) relate to application of the accounting standards According to Carlin et al, (2009) MASB to adopt global harmonization of standards (IFRSs) is a reflection of Malaysias obligation to support with global accounting standards in order to achieve harmonization with international practice. Based on the financial accounting standards between its branches, from my point of view, the process for harmonizing accounting standards seems based on a harmonious relationship among national and international standards setters. Sime Darby Berhad neither replaces nor eliminates the need for standard setters. The monitoring of reporting and agreement with approved standard and as well as regulatory body has been done by financial institutions i.e. Bank Negara. Does it succeed  to achieve that or not  if not what are the obstacles that face this company to achieve that According to Pasceri, (2005), a Chief Internal Auditor and Finance Director of Sime Darby Malaysia, Francis Anthony stated that; Nothing has changed except for disclosure requirements, which have become quite onerous today, with no doubt. As far as the statutory reporting and financial community, especially the auditors, there are more requirements to be met. Unfortunately, with the rush of regulatory changes in the US and their impact on international accounting standards, we have erred in moving too much towards a rule-based environment. As far as the basic accounting system goes management reporting and management accounting thats not changed. The basic principles are the same except for today you must ensure stricter compliance with cross-border and transfer pricing rules and be more familiar with management decision-making techniques for risk management. Francis Anthony also pointed out that; There is overload now even for wellrun companies and I think it is maximised, and the challenge now is balancing. The challenges of Sime Darby faces today is just that the audit management need to maintain and balance the role and keep side by side of all regulatory changes on finance. Having worked in multiple jurisdictions in the region Anthony finds that for companies in Hong Kong and the other local exchanges like Malaysia and Singapore, there are varying degrees of reporting requirements that will be getting more and more stringent with SarOx (Pasceri, 2005). Internal and External Audit Duties and comments To say that the group had processes in place its just that they had not been implemented properly certainly laughable because it is all too  familiar. If one was to seriously respond to this excuse, it would be that is why you have internal and external auditors. And when the internal auditors raised the red flag in August 2008, it was conveniently swept under the carpet! If the excuse was that, the non-executive independent directors were obliged to give the benefit of the doubt to management, the external auditors, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) certainly had no such obligation or professional reason to do so! This was their red flag to delve into the issue of cost over-runs including its recovery of such costs. This is no more an ordinary run of the mill statutory audit. PWC had been put on enquiry and were obliged to look into the concern meticulously. The question to be answered is that, what did PWC do? They signed off the accounts of Sime Darby for 2008 and 2009 with a clean audit report! Not even an emphasis of matter especially on the possible cost over-runs and its recoverability! The fact that official media had highlighted these matters, besides the media report prior to the finalization of the 2008 and 2009 accounts speak volumes about the role (or lack of it) of PWC The official media currently has been quite polite about this latest incident .yes, they have been polite relatively speaking, but if you read in between the lines, the insinuation is the total collapse in the check and balance roles of the other parties involved with Sime Darby notably the auditors and members of the Audit Committee headed by the ex-chairman of PWC. Andrew Sheng, a proponent of strong corporate governance is unfortunately embroiled in this mess as director and he cannot easily extricate himself out of this especially when he was appointed in 2007.He has to regain credibility by insisting massive and fundamental changes to the way things are done in the Malaysian corporate world in general and Sime Darby in particular. The audit committee In April 2008, for example, there were news reports that Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd had incurred cost overruns of between RM120mil and RM150mil in its offshore engineering, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning project for Maersk Oil Qatar (MOQ). In February 2009, a report also alleged that there had been costs overruns in the same project, but this time, the figure mentioned was far bigger. At a media briefing on Feb 4, Zubir dismissed this: Theres no such thing as the RM800mil losses. The Minority Watchdog Group (MSWG) wrote to Sime Darby chairman Tun Musa Hitam in March 2009 on issues in the energy and utilities division. At the companys AGM last November, the MSWG also raised questions about the divisions shrinking bottom-lin

The New Satellite Technology Media Essay

The New Satellite Technology Media Essay Apart from the military or intelligence gathering usage the satellite technology can be put to a number of uses, which are socially, economically and politically acceptable. The new satellite technology leads to broadening of broadcasting and telecommunication services. It has lead to free television services across the world. Through satellite dishes people can look at hundreds of free channels. Free Air Satellite technology is modern way of viewing television free. Apart from the entertainment tool it can also be an effective education tool, particularly for the remote areas where public schools do not exist. With FTA technology you do not pay any monthly fees; there is only one time expenditure of putting a satellite dish. Free to Air satellite technology can help you learn more about the other cultures and languages and with the diverse selection of channels you have at your fingertips, there are a variety of things to learn from. There are a number of channels catering to the di fferent languages, like French, Spanish, Arabic and English. We can select the channel of our choice and language. Satellite telephones are another result of latest satellite technology. They are called ISAT phones and provide unlimited global connectivity and access to global data to individual clients, businessmen, travelers and tourists. They use the satellite and GSM network and easy to use and depend on the area and location. IsatPhone can be used within Asia, Africa and the Middle East using Inmarsatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s latest generation l-4 satellite, which are most advanced commercial communications satellites ever launched supporting IP data services at broadband speeds and simultaneous voice. Latest satellite technology is used to track the movement of fishes in the oceans and wild animals on land. The movement of blue tuna fish across the ocean. A pop off satellite tag technology is used to investigate the Atlantic-wide movements and potential stock overlap of western and eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna. This technology is also used to archives data on water temperatures. The pop off satellite technology provides data, which is independent of commercial fisheries. Satellite technology also provides space junk tracking. Space satellite monitor and provide information on and track many thousand pieces of junk. U.S. Strategic Command monitors these, which is where the Space Based Space Surveillance Block 10 satellite comes in. There are estimated 19,000 pieces of junk constantly under the eyes of the US Strategic Command, many of them the size of a golf ball. The new satellite technology hopefully provides significantly more accuracy when it comes to tracking possible threats to orbiting platforms. It is will provide an integral tool to watch towards understanding what is going on in the space. Satellite technology also provides space junk tracking. Space satellite monitors and provides information on and tracks many thousand pieces of junk. U.S. Strategic Command monitors these, which is where the Space Based Space Surveillance Block 10 satellite comes in. There are estimated 19,000 pieces of junk constantly under the eyes of the US Strategic Command, many of them the size of a golf ball. The new satellite technology hopefully provides significantly more accuracy when it comes to tracking possible threats to orbiting platforms. It is will provide an integral tool to watch towards understanding what is going on in the space. There is increased focus on this problem since a U.S. communications satellite collided with a defunct Russian intelligence platform 500 miles above Siberia in early February, resulting in extra 1,000 pieces of orbiting junk being flung in all directions. There is high concern for possible human cost of this type of fall out. Advance satellite technolog y is used by U.S. Strategic Command, it is monitoring an estimated 13,000 pieces of junk measuring more than 30 feet, and while a further 100,000 pieces below four inches are also thought to be in constant orbit. New satellite technology in Europe also promises to dramatically lower the costs of satellite bandwidth, potentially bridging the digital divide and enabling satellites to deliver TV, internet and telephony services via satellite. It is estimated that nearly 10% of the European population, or 30m people, are too isolated to be covered by landline broadband services and, so far, no viable solution has presented itself. It is hoped that with this new wifi satellite technology the gap would be filled and hopefully it can be cheaper as well. The Euro funded IMOSAN solved many of the technical hurdles facing widespread satellite adoption for triple-play services. Another service, which new satellite technology is exploring is the use of portable satellite antenna. New satellite technology is exploring the possibility to provide use of portable satellite antenna. This internet service helps the military in Afghanistan. W6 satellites are used to serve Afghan market, which also includes soldiers stationed in Afghanistan. It is a broadband service, which offers two-way high-speed Internet access without phone lines, cable or dial-up modem. It is always on line, available virtually anywhere and affordable. Most soldiers deploy to Afghanistan or other remote locations with a laptop in hand and a hook-up to the Internet in their barracks can stay in touch with their family and children, and feel less cut off from home. Troops in Afghanistan use the Internet a lot for professional tasks and this new satellite technology has helped them to get in touch with many online communities composed of military professionals. This would have not been possible without this new satellite technology. New satellite technology has played an important role in development of digital and online journalism. Improvements and advancements in satellite technology have enabled scientists to produce and transmit images live across various news mediums from even highly remote areas such as war zones. This form of technology is called Satellite News Gathering Technology or SNG and it uses mobile equipment for news casting. Mobile units are usually vans equipped with advanced, two-way audio and video transmitters and receivers, using dish antennas that can be aimed at geostationary satellites

Working Mothers :: essays research papers fc

Working Mothers Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what everyone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model of the working mom is the one most people think of when discussing working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her -- housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict and psychological stress. Both of these models can be seen in the working mother at any given time. They are simply a fact of life, a by product of the world in which we live. Mothers are constantly jumping back and forth in these roles, striving to find a sense of balance. But is there such a thing? Most of the time the scales are tipped one way or another, there is never a true sense of balance. I believe this is how the mothers survive. Working Mothers :: essays research papers fc Working Mothers Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what everyone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model of the working mom is the one most people think of when discussing working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her -- housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict and psychological stress. Both of these models can be seen in the working mother at any given time. They are simply a fact of life, a by product of the world in which we live. Mothers are constantly jumping back and forth in these roles, striving to find a sense of balance. But is there such a thing? Most of the time the scales are tipped one way or another, there is never a true sense of balance. I believe this is how the mothers survive.

The Character of Scarlet in Gone With the Wind Essay -- Gone With the

The Character of Scarlet in Gone With the Wind  Ã‚     "My Dear, I don't give a damn," (718) Rhett Butler says this infamous quote to Scarlet O'Hara at the end of Gone With the Wind (1934), when the woman has finally poured her soul to him. The novel Gone with the Wind (1934) by Margaret Mitchell is a classic about the hard times suffered during and after the Civil War. Scarlet lives in the Confederacy and everyone there is for fighting for his or her noble Cause. The young southern belle Scarlet O'Hara is forced to do things she never thought a girl of her class and nature would have to do. All throughout the novel, she is faced with serious problems. Scarlet plainly states, I'll not think of that today, I'll think of it tomorrow, for tomorrow is another day, which of course she never does. It is this thought however, that makes her character stay strong, although sometimes living in a daydream. Without telling herself this, Scarlet would have broken down in the very beginning after the war had started. Scarlet lives for the future and not the past. It's this about her that makes her character admirable and noble At first the reader would think Scarlet's character is snobbish and helpless. Through her determination, she forces others to change their opinion of her. In the beginning, she is a young, beautiful sixteen -year old, with a seventeen-inch waist, the smallest in the county. At parties, she never has less than a dozen young men surrounding her, all of whom she never lets know whom she truly loves. The other girls find Scarlet heartless, the way she leads all those boys on, but Scarlet pays no mind to them. She knows they are just bitter with jealousy. She does truly love Ashley Wilkes, but he is to announce his enga... ...d a cause of her own. While many characters in the book fought and died for the great Cause, she cared more about her own. Scarlet had to care for Tara and her family. Although many see her as repulsive, by looking at her acts, she made herself strong with words. The once young and carefree girl was forced to marry for money, not for love, twice. When Scarlet finally let her only true love in life, Rhett Butler, know how she felt about him, she realizes all too late how horrid she's acted, he finally puts Scarlet in her place by stating "My dear, I don't give a damn." At these words, Scarlet still does not break down. After all she has been through she knows what to do. She tells her self that tomorrow is another day, and tomorrow she will get Rhett back.   Works Cited Mitchell, Margaret. Gone With the Wind. NewYork: The Macmillan Company,1994      

American History-19th Century Essay -- essays research papers

As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with difficult situations that ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same time and conditions in the work place brought about countless deaths and injuries. Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers caused unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic dilemmas, union members decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of scientific management were incorporated and the two ideological groups (radicals and conservatives) were firmly rooted in the belief of mutualism. However, conflicts between anarchists and capitalists ignited strikes, generating the Haymarket Square Riot along with the Homestead and Pullman strikes. It was then clear that they could not eliminate corporate control. Even with unity, the workers resulted in a fruitless effort. Urban industrial workers were bombarded with many problems, a major one being long working hours. They not only had to endure endless hours of labor and turmoil, but received scarcely any pay at all. To make things worse, they were struggling to exist in the late 19th century where industrialization was flustering and depressions were part of the norm. An average American worker earned a measly $500 per year and a woman only half as much as the men. People were not making enough money to purchase the necessities of life and thus, lived a hard, struggling life. A woman stated she didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t "live" , but merely "existed".. she didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t live that you could call living." However, even at low wages, an incredible number of hours were being worked. Skilled workers worked an average of 50.4 hours a week and the unskilled at 53.7 hours a week. Where machines replaced workers, the cost of the equipment had to be covered by intensive labor. Steelworkers, for example, worked on average 63.1 hours per week; some laborers were even required to work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, with even a 24 hour shift and only one day off every two weeks. Long laborious effort... ... Chicago decided to cut the wages of its workers. Due to Pullmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monopoly on sleeping cars, the American Railway Union (ARU) was created by Eugene V. Debs. The ARU was ordered not to handle the sleeping cars. Railroad officials saw this boycott as a chance to break up the union. The ARU spread the strike all throughout the country which resulted in the disruptance of US mail. President Cleveland sent in troops to cease the strike with the help of Attorney Olney. The ARU was stopped and Debs was put in jail. The corporation won once again, but this time with the power of the government and its arbitrary power over corporation rule. Workers did become "one" and worked well together as "one" but did not succeed as "one". Even throughout lock-outs and strikes, they were suppressed by government power and corporation rule. The power they had hoped to gain as they united wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t strong enough to overcome the arbitrary rule and omnipotence of corporations and the government. Miseries of their laborious life continued as hours remained long, wages remained low, conditions remained unsafe, and workers remained disheartened.

Chicken Run Camera Angles

Run has many uses of camera angles. Camera angles can be used in many different ways, (low, high or mid angles), especially in Chicken Run. In Chicken Run camera angles are used to give the viewer a sense of what is going on and influence the viewer on how a character is regarded e. g. if the camera angle is gazing directly upwards towards a character this would usually indicate that the character in question has a lot of power or they are in charge.Camera angles can be used to show effects such as panic and calm on characters epending on what is taking place around them. A great example of this effect takes place as Ginger and the other chickens are being chased through the chicken yard by guard dogs. The camera angle in this scene flickers backwards and forwards constantly, keeping in tempo with what is taking place at present throughout the chase. As the chase comes to a climax Mrs Tweedy appears in front of Ginger and the camera angle changes to a low angled shot and stays fixed, this proves that all is calm again and The very first shot is of the moon.This instantly implies the genre and sets the tone f the film: the shot is very typical of the horror movie genre of films from the 20th century (which is also when the film is set). 3. The first shot pans down across to where Mr Tweedy and his two dogs are walking. The view of the fence surrounding the farm closely resembles the prisoner-of-war films which inspired the film itself. There is almost no sound and the music is quiet and mysterious to effect. He has dogs with him, most likely for protection, with fierce expressions, showing the mood of the scene. 4. Match-on-action shot of Mr Tweedys hand checking the lock on the gate.This suggests that he does not want anything or anyone getting in or out, and that he may be hiding something. Cut to an extreme low-angle close-up of his feet walking away. We never see his face in the first part of this sequence. This creates a sense of mystery as to who he is. It could mean that he is the main antagonist of the film because of this. 5. A fgure emerges and tries not to be noticed. This further suggests the first character we see (Mr Tweedy) is the antagonist since a character wants to hide from him, but we still don't fully understand why the fgure is hiding rom him.There is mystery surrounding the fgure as well as we cannot see (yet) who it is. Foot emerges before the rest of the body, suggests the figure is nervous of showing him/herself. 6. The water tower in the background connotes a guard tower in a typical prisoner-of-war film, so again there is reference to films such as ‘The Great Escape' which the film closely parodies, and also that there is a greater force on Mr Tweedys side. 7. The shadow (Ginger) makes a run for it, again trying not to be caught. The way the dog hears Ginger first suggests the danger is nearer; she is about o be caught. . Ginger is nearly caught; an example of a false alarm' where we believe the character has been caught but hasn't. 9. Match-on-action shot shows her frustration as she digs. Shot of the spoon being thrown back onto the floor; she is forced to leave everything but herself behind. 10. We are misled to believe she is sately across and all the danger is over, but in the next snot more chickens arrive. These two shots echo the previous shots of Ginger running across, so the risk of danger is repeated. 12.Cutting between the two actions of the chickens trying to scape and the dogs running towards them; again this shows frustrationand pressure for the chickens and a sense of danger. The sound and music both add to this effect by suddenly increasing dramatically, rising as the dogs near. 13. The sound and music have now increased to their full volume as Ginger turns to run. We finally see the face of the character we saw at the beginning, albeit for two brief seconds. The camera zooms in sharply on his triumphant expression. 14.Short, sharp cuts between shots, as well as the camera following the dogs, creates a feel of speed and shows the impact of the chase. Ginger stops and turns back in this shot; she has nowhere to turn. 15. Shot-reverse-shot between Ginger and the dogs is used to show she is trapped. The camera also backs away with Ginger; there is a slow zoom out on this shot of the dogs closing in. 16. The dog eating the gnome head (that Ginger tries to force them away with) shows her helplessness and what is destined for her. We don't see the impact of the head being eaten, implying violence. 17. Close-up shot of her head, slowly panning in.The attention is on her terrified expression, as the camera zooming in slowly shows how her ‘doom' is coming nearer nd nearer. 18. Both Ginger and the dogs turn at the light from behind her. The lighting has changed and is like a light from heaven' as if Ginger is being called or summoned, as if everything has already happened. The music has also stopped suddenly. 19. Cutting back to the curious faces o f the chickens. There is no music and very quiet sound; everyone has stopped to look, creating suspense of what they are looking at. 20. The camera pans up revealing the true main antagonist, with a short piece of dramatic music for this shot.

Urbanism and Architecture

â€Å"Dwelling is the combination of architecture and urbanism† Brooding, as a topographic point to populate, can be a house, a level, an flat or other topographic point of abode. It is a topographic point where human spent of most of their clip while indoor. The construct of home has been changed over the last 100s old ages, in that period, the many brooding edifice in different topographic point of the universe represent an alone local civilization with different inside, exterior, construction, etc. However, in modern yearss, most of these symbols and architectural manners had already disappeared, brooding edifices on this planet all blend into one manner – Urbanism. It becomes more of an urban infinites, a topographic point offers convenience and remainder alternatively of an art merchandise within its alone architectural manner. Remmert Koolhaas was born in 1944 in Rotterdam, one of the greatest modernism architecture in the universe. In early old ages he was a newsman and scriptwriter. After analyzing architecture between 1968 and 1972 in AASchoolArchitecture, and in Cornell University, with Zaha Hadid, Elia Zenghelis they established OMA. During his architecture life his celebrated plants include Villa of Bordeaux, CCTV Headquarters in Beijing and Seattle Central Library in USA etc. In 2000, He acquired the Pritzker Architecture Price. His plants are to a great extent based on surrealism combined with neoplasticism. Furthermore he adds the alone characteristic of the environment and society into building’s form and construction in order to show different thoughts and ideas from human. Doroteo arango of Bordeaux is a perfect illustration demoing Rem’s manner home, uniting urbanism’s convenience and engineering and beauties of the architecture. â€Å"Now we are left with a universe without urbanism, merely architecture, of all time more architecture.† In the book â€Å"S, M, L, XL† , â€Å"What of all time happened to urbanism† , Rem Koolhaas suggests thatâ€Å"Now we are left with a universe without urbanism, merely architecture, of all time more architecture.†( S,M,L,Forty, Rem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967 ). Of class urbanism still exist today, but the urbanism we have is the one different to what Rem Koolhaas described, it is the one impact by the modernisation, it is a failure of urbanism. Nowadays urban spread outing so speedy with the negative impact from 20Thursdaycentury’s modern motion, in the past decennaries planetary economic system and fiscal growing are easy destructing traditional urban and its quality. This leads to the urban today where metropolis is the signifier of citizen’s present demands as Rem described as â€Å"Exile to the practical world† . ( S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967 ) When designers planing metropoliss, edifices or landscapes, exce ssively many things that can non be controlled. Therefore architecture is necessary or even indispensable for new urbanism. Rem suggests several points for the ideal ‘new urbanism’ should â€Å"no longer be concerned with the arrangement†¦ no longer take for stable configurations†¦ denying boundaries†¦ detecting hybrids†¦reinvention of psychological space†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( S,M,L,FortyRem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 969-971 ). In Bordeaux, an old twosome wanted a new house after the hubby experienced a auto accident and has to pass the remainder of his live on the wheelchair. Rem was the interior decorator. Sing husband’s incommodiousness, an lift was added to the house as a representation of the urbanism, and turns into his personal universe where he can happen the sense belonging. In the Villa he made the lift a movable floor slab. Elevator moves among belowground floor, land floor and comparatively enclosed first floor, beside is a wall vertically through the full edifice, with all husband’s personal material, the agreement isR.Koolhaas/OMA, Lemoine house, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, I n coaction with Ove Arup. Preliminary study no longer a concern. While it is traveling, this lift becomes husband’s personal topographic point and an independent infinite in the edifice. This becomes a type of urbanism’s â€Å"reinvention of psychological space† , denying boundaries of the floor. To husband’s point of position, the edifice is no longer separated as three different floors but as one structural infinite. Furthermore, this Villa characteristic of loanblend of new urbanism by utilizing different kinds of stuff is different parts of the edifice. Building was located on the top of the hill, surrounded with peaceable grass land and shrub. Therefore the land floor and first floor was chiefly built by glass wall so that individual unrecorded inside the Villa can hold the great position of Bordeaux metropolis. Above the glass wall is the sleeping room made by concrete, appear as a heavy box drifting in the air finding a certain solution for layout of the edifice and quality of the infinite. H owever, glass wall can non afford the weight of the concrete slab, Rem use a particular construction to work out the job: A steel portal and a hollow piloti with a big diameter in strengthened concrete, reminiscent of the 1s in the undertaking for Agadir. To present a farther, decisive grade of ocular instability. ( Roberto Gargiani, 2008, pp. 212 ) . On the top of the concrete piloti is a long glistening chromium steel steel construction with the big concrete box on one side, on the other side is a big over-hanged concrete block buried in the terrace garden, accomplishing equilibrium and do the top concrete box seems to drift even more vividly. This engineering is connected with the tradition launched by ledoux with the house pended. The perfect combination and loanblend of glass wall and concrete wall construction once more express Rem’s ideal urbanism. Thyminehe over-hanged concrete block buried in the terrace garden. â€Å"Alternatively of implementingcoexistence, Bigness depends on governments of freedom, the assembly of maximal difference.† It sounds impossible for an designer or even designers to command a big thing like skyscraper, big landscape or even a metropolis. When the modernised urbanism meets architecture, the job of the big occurs. â€Å"Beyond a certain graduated table, architecture acquires the belongingss of Bigness.†( S,M,L,FortyRem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp.494-516 ). Nowadays, between modernisations which is what citizens need and get, and architecture which is the art of the edifice, urbanism take what citizens need and this is when architecture start to fall. Art and beauty of architecture is useless against urbanism. However, largeness is a solution, â€Å"it is the 1 architecture that can last, even exploit† .( S,M,L,FortyRem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp.494-516 ). Just like what Rem said, Bigness is the solution or possibly the lone solution for urbanism and architecture’s assembly. â€Å"Instead of implementing coexistence, largeness depends on governments of freedom, the assembly of maximal difference.† Suggests Rem’s thought: by utilizing largeness, freedom and big infinite to unite architecture and urbanism. Evoke the thought of largeness is to offer everyone unrecorded under urbanism maximal infinite, freedom and privateness. There are several utilizations of the largeness and in Rem’s residential work – Villa of Bordeaux, such as lift. In the theory of largeness: â€Å"The lift – with its possible to set up mechanical instead than architectural connection.†( S,M,L,FortyRem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp.494-516 ) .The art of architecture become useless in the big size edifice. To avoid this Rem turn the traditional lift into a movable elephantine floor slab. Alternatively making a individual room for the hubby, this lift makes the all three floor as a infinite for hubby, remain the engineering of largeness and the ‘art’ of architecture at the same clip. The R.Koolhaas/OMA, Villa Lemoine, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in coaction with Ove Arup. Tocopherollevator-living room with the nomadic platform. lift can travel from opening public life room to private sleeping room, gives him adequate infinite but at the same clip – governments of freedom. Another illustration is the Glass wall under the concrete box sleeping room. With a brief expression from exterior, the edifice looks like typical modernised urbanism type house. However the comparing of the top concrete close up type bed room and opening land floor with glass wall surrounded represent the assemble of two different constructs and thoughts. This Villa has more than 400 meters square land and three floors. The big infinite combined with glass wall enlarge the sense of freedom and â€Å"The apparent failure of the urban offers an exceeding chance† Modernization to a great extent impact on urbanism on the negative side. Within globalisation in urbanism, brooding constructing all over the universe are going more and more similar, some alone characteristic are diminishing. More edifices portion same construction, same form and same manner. These took the original ‘urbanism’ off from the metropolis, alternatively, urban become a grave topographic point full of steel framed edifice. This is the where Rem Koolhaas pointed out that â€Å"In a landscape of increasing expedience and impermanency, urbanism no longer is or has to be the most solemn of our determination ; urbanism can be lighten up, go a Gay Science – Lite Urbanism.†( S,M,L,FortyRem Koolhaas,Bruce Mau, 1995, pp.961-971 ). In modern yearss, under the fail urbanism, the new environment of urban is no longer a series topographic point for life but a topographic point where people can happen themselves belong to, a topographic point that non merely convey them convenience and comfort, but besides a simple topographic point where they find enjoy to remain, where they can happen felicity and attention. R.Koolhaas/OMA, Villa Lemoine, Flo-rac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in col-aboration with Ove Arup.Intermediate & A ; high-level programs ; cross subdivision In that instance, Villa of Bordeaux can be the representation of ‘Lite urbanism’ , constructing itself was a merchandise of urbanism, offer people who live inside a topographic point to rest, lift offer hubby who has to pass his life on wheel chair convenience, On the wall of the natation box, several holes with different tallness enable people at different degree to look at the position outside. Furthermore about urbanism, house was locate on the top of the hill surrounded with no other edifice but rather grass land and shrubs, different from the normal home edifice locate in the metropolis. Evokes an thought of the proprietor of the edifice who wants to take root of this topographic point and live in privacy. Without the crowd and noise, Villa of Bordeaux becomes a representation of â€Å"Lite Urbanism† . Although the failure of the urbanism brings negative effects to metropoliss, still Rem Koolhaas treats it as an chance at the same clip and he designed tonss o f astonishing architectural edifices such as Villa of Bordeaux. Rem Koolhaas, 1996. Rem Koolhaas: Conversations with Students ( Architecture at Rice ) . 1 Edition. Princeton Architectural Press. Roberto Gargiani, 2008. Rem Koolhaas/OMA ( Essays in Architecture ) . 1 Edition. Rouledge hypertext transfer protocol: //wp.architecture.com.au/venicebiennale/venice-events/